o/w nanoemulsions exhibited good stability when 1–1.5% Pereskia aculeata Miller
leave mucilage was used as emulsifier. In a research, Gemede et al. (2018) studied
the emulsifying property of Ethiopian okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) pod mucilage
and the prepared emulsions showed good stability. Avlani et al. (2019) explored the
emulsifying property of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) seed mucilage to formulate surfactant-free stable sunflower oil emulsions. The sunflower oil emulsions
stabilized by 0.3–0.5% w/v sweet basil seed mucilage exhibited good stability.
Khunkitti et al. (2006) evaluated the emulsifying property of jackfruit seed starch
(1–5% w/v). Although the jackfruit seed starch was found to thicken the external
phase of the emulsions prepared, it demonstrated poor emulsifying property. Zhao
et al. (2017) formulated and characterized o/w soybean oil emulsions using and
gelatinized kudzu starch as emulsifier. 10% (w/w) soybean oil prepared using 3%
(w/w) gelatinized kudzu starch showed comparatively good stability.
3.3.2 Suspensions
As suspending agents, numerous plant polysaccharides are being investigated and
successfully used in various pharmaceutical suspensions. In suspensions, plant
polysaccharides augment the tensile strength of the hydration layer produced
around the suspended particles, via hydrogen bonding as well as molecular interactions. These materials are generally hydrophilic colloids and capable of forming
aqueous dispersions to enhance the viscosity of continuous phase, in order that the
solid particles remain suspended in it over a longer period. In a research, Ogaji and
Hoang (2011) prepared ibuprofen pediatric oral suspensions using 0.5% w/v grewia
gum as suspending agent. The activity of grewia gum as suspending agent was
compared to semi-synthetic conventional suspending agents, namely hydroxylpropyl methylcellulose and sodium carboxymethylcellulose. The grewia gum
showed better redispersion property with minimal alterations in viscosity on storage
in comparison with that of hydroxylpropyl methylcellulose and sodium carboxymethylcellulose as suspending agent. Thus, the results demonstrated that
grewia gum may serve as a good suspending agent. In a research, Ogaji (2011)
found the excellent performance of okra gums extracted by different procedures,
when used as suspending agents in the formulations of acetaminophen pediatric
suspensions. Rao et al. (2005) investigated the use of moringa gum (extracted from
the exudate material of Moringa oleifera plant) as a suspending agent in sulphamethoxazole suspension and they found the prospective results. Avlani et al.
(2019) explored the use of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) seed mucilage to
formulate adult and pediatric paracetamol suspensions. The formulated suspensions
prepared using 1% w/v sweet basil seed mucilage showed flocculated property with
enhanced stability because of the high sedimentation volume as well as good
redispersibility. In a research, Pal et al. (2010) evaluated the suitability of Basella
alba L. leaves mucilage as suspending agent in zinc oxide (20% w/v) suspensions.
The Basella alba L. leaves mucilage as suspending agent showed better results than
100
A. K. Nayak et al.
leave mucilage was used as emulsifier. In a research, Gemede et al. (2018) studied
the emulsifying property of Ethiopian okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) pod mucilage
and the prepared emulsions showed good stability. Avlani et al. (2019) explored the
emulsifying property of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) seed mucilage to formulate surfactant-free stable sunflower oil emulsions. The sunflower oil emulsions
stabilized by 0.3–0.5% w/v sweet basil seed mucilage exhibited good stability.
Khunkitti et al. (2006) evaluated the emulsifying property of jackfruit seed starch
(1–5% w/v). Although the jackfruit seed starch was found to thicken the external
phase of the emulsions prepared, it demonstrated poor emulsifying property. Zhao
et al. (2017) formulated and characterized o/w soybean oil emulsions using and
gelatinized kudzu starch as emulsifier. 10% (w/w) soybean oil prepared using 3%
(w/w) gelatinized kudzu starch showed comparatively good stability.
3.3.2 Suspensions
As suspending agents, numerous plant polysaccharides are being investigated and
successfully used in various pharmaceutical suspensions. In suspensions, plant
polysaccharides augment the tensile strength of the hydration layer produced
around the suspended particles, via hydrogen bonding as well as molecular interactions. These materials are generally hydrophilic colloids and capable of forming
aqueous dispersions to enhance the viscosity of continuous phase, in order that the
solid particles remain suspended in it over a longer period. In a research, Ogaji and
Hoang (2011) prepared ibuprofen pediatric oral suspensions using 0.5% w/v grewia
gum as suspending agent. The activity of grewia gum as suspending agent was
compared to semi-synthetic conventional suspending agents, namely hydroxylpropyl methylcellulose and sodium carboxymethylcellulose. The grewia gum
showed better redispersion property with minimal alterations in viscosity on storage
in comparison with that of hydroxylpropyl methylcellulose and sodium carboxymethylcellulose as suspending agent. Thus, the results demonstrated that
grewia gum may serve as a good suspending agent. In a research, Ogaji (2011)
found the excellent performance of okra gums extracted by different procedures,
when used as suspending agents in the formulations of acetaminophen pediatric
suspensions. Rao et al. (2005) investigated the use of moringa gum (extracted from
the exudate material of Moringa oleifera plant) as a suspending agent in sulphamethoxazole suspension and they found the prospective results. Avlani et al.
(2019) explored the use of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) seed mucilage to
formulate adult and pediatric paracetamol suspensions. The formulated suspensions
prepared using 1% w/v sweet basil seed mucilage showed flocculated property with
enhanced stability because of the high sedimentation volume as well as good
redispersibility. In a research, Pal et al. (2010) evaluated the suitability of Basella
alba L. leaves mucilage as suspending agent in zinc oxide (20% w/v) suspensions.
The Basella alba L. leaves mucilage as suspending agent showed better results than
100
A. K. Nayak et al.