Arabic were found more uniform than the emulsions prepared using cashew gum.
The smaller oil droplets were formed in the emulsions prepared using gum Arabic.
Figure 3.1a presents the microscopic observations of emulsions prepared using both
emulsifiers (gum Arabic and cashew gum). Figure 3.1b presents a confocal
microscopy image of emulsions prepared using both emulsifiers (gum Arabic and
cashew gum). From the results, a prominent flocculation was noticed in the
emulsions prepared using gum Arabic as emulsifier in comparison with emulsions
prepared using cashew gum. This flocculation behavior of emulsions was found to
be directly influenced the emulsion instability. In a research, gum odina has been
studied as an emulsifier in the preparation of primary emulsion, where gum odina at
low concentration produced more stable primary emulsion than that of gum acacia
(Samanta et al. 2010). In another research, the same research group studied the
efficacy of gum odina as a stabilizer for the formulation of W/O/W multiple
emulsions of lamivudine (Jena et al. 2018). The in vitro lamivudine releasing from
these W/O/W multiple emulsions stabilized by gum odina produced more sustained
lamivudine release over 6 h, which was comparable that of the W/O/W multiple
emulsions stabilized by Tween 80. Verma and Razdan (2003) studied the use of
leucaena gum (extracted from the seeds of Leucaena leucocephala) as emulsifier
via the preparation of 30% liquid paraffin emulsions (o/w) employing 1–4% w/v
leucaena seed gum. The emulsions prepared using leucaena seed gum as emulsifier
were compared with the emulsions prepared using another plant-derived gum, gum
acacia. The results demonstrated enhanced emulsifying property of leucaena seed
gum as emulsifier in comparison with that of gum acacia in liquid paraffin emulsions. Lago et al. (2019) prepared o/w nanoemulsions using mucilage extracted
from Pereskia aculeata Miller leaves via the ultra-sound assisted technique. These
Fig. 3.1 a Optical microscopy images of emulsions prepared with both gum Arabic and cashew
gum after 24 h of quiescent storage. Horizontal bar displayed on far right-bottom of figure
corresponds to 1 mm extent. b Confocal scanning laser microscopy images of o/w emulsions
prepared with gum Arabic and cashew gum. Red: emulsifier; green: D-limonene; black: water.
Horizontal bar displayed on far right-bottom of figure corresponds to 20 mm extent. (Porto and
Cristianini 2014; Copyright @ 2014, with permission from Elsevier Ltd.)
3 Plant Polysaccharides in Pharmaceutical Applications
99
The smaller oil droplets were formed in the emulsions prepared using gum Arabic.
Figure 3.1a presents the microscopic observations of emulsions prepared using both
emulsifiers (gum Arabic and cashew gum). Figure 3.1b presents a confocal
microscopy image of emulsions prepared using both emulsifiers (gum Arabic and
cashew gum). From the results, a prominent flocculation was noticed in the
emulsions prepared using gum Arabic as emulsifier in comparison with emulsions
prepared using cashew gum. This flocculation behavior of emulsions was found to
be directly influenced the emulsion instability. In a research, gum odina has been
studied as an emulsifier in the preparation of primary emulsion, where gum odina at
low concentration produced more stable primary emulsion than that of gum acacia
(Samanta et al. 2010). In another research, the same research group studied the
efficacy of gum odina as a stabilizer for the formulation of W/O/W multiple
emulsions of lamivudine (Jena et al. 2018). The in vitro lamivudine releasing from
these W/O/W multiple emulsions stabilized by gum odina produced more sustained
lamivudine release over 6 h, which was comparable that of the W/O/W multiple
emulsions stabilized by Tween 80. Verma and Razdan (2003) studied the use of
leucaena gum (extracted from the seeds of Leucaena leucocephala) as emulsifier
via the preparation of 30% liquid paraffin emulsions (o/w) employing 1–4% w/v
leucaena seed gum. The emulsions prepared using leucaena seed gum as emulsifier
were compared with the emulsions prepared using another plant-derived gum, gum
acacia. The results demonstrated enhanced emulsifying property of leucaena seed
gum as emulsifier in comparison with that of gum acacia in liquid paraffin emulsions. Lago et al. (2019) prepared o/w nanoemulsions using mucilage extracted
from Pereskia aculeata Miller leaves via the ultra-sound assisted technique. These
Fig. 3.1 a Optical microscopy images of emulsions prepared with both gum Arabic and cashew
gum after 24 h of quiescent storage. Horizontal bar displayed on far right-bottom of figure
corresponds to 1 mm extent. b Confocal scanning laser microscopy images of o/w emulsions
prepared with gum Arabic and cashew gum. Red: emulsifier; green: D-limonene; black: water.
Horizontal bar displayed on far right-bottom of figure corresponds to 20 mm extent. (Porto and
Cristianini 2014; Copyright @ 2014, with permission from Elsevier Ltd.)
3 Plant Polysaccharides in Pharmaceutical Applications
99