References
59
33. M. Terrones, W.K. Hsu, A. Schilder, H. Terrones, N. Grobert, J.P. Hare et al., Novel nanotubes
and encapsulated nanowires. Appl. Phys. A 66, 307–317 (1998)
34. Q. Xu, C. Schwandt, D.J. Fray, Electrochemical investigation of lithium and tin reduction at a
graphite cathode in molten chlorides. J. Electroanal. Chem. 562, 15–21 (2004)
35. R.D. Gupta, C. Schwandt, D.J. Fray, Preparation of tin-filled carbon nanotubes and nanoparticles by molten salt electrolysis. Carbon 70, 142–148 (2014)
36. A.R. Kamali, D.J. Fray, A possible scalable method for the synthesis of Sn-containing carbon
nanostructures. Mater. Today Commun. 2, 38–48 (2015)
37. K.S. Novoselov, D. Jiang, F. Schedin, T.J. Booth, V.V. Khotkevich, S.V. Morozov, A.K. Geim,
Two-dimensional atomic crystals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102, 10451–10453 (2005)
38. J. Zhang, I. Khatri, N. Kishi, S.M. Mominuzzaman, T. Soga, T. Jimbo, Low substrate temperature synthesis of carbon nanowalls by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis. Thin Solid Films 519,
4162–4165 (2011)
39. S.R. Plant, L. Cao, F. Yin, Z.W. Wang, R.E. Palmer, Size-dependent propagation of Au
nanoclusters through few-layer graphene. Nanoscale 6, 1258–1263 (2014)
40. S.-H. Park, S.-B. Yoon, H.-K. Kim, J.T. Han, H.-W. Park, J. Han, S.-M. Yun, H.-K. Chung,
K.C. Roh, K.-B. Kim, Spine-like nanostructured carbon interconnected by graphene for highperformance supercapacitors. Sci. Rep. 4, 6118 (2014)
41. Z. Chen, J. Wen, C. Yan, L. Rice, H. Sohn, M. Shen, M. Cai, B. Dunn, Y. Lu, High-Performance
Supercapacitors Based on Hierarchically Porous Graphite Particles. Adv. Energy Mater. 1,
551–556 (2011)
42. D. Bhattacharjya, M.-S. Kim, T.-S. Bae, J.-S. Yu, High performance supercapacitor prepared
from hollow mesoporous carbon capsules with hierarchical nanoarchitecture. J. Power Sources
244, 799–805 (2013)
43. A.R. Kamali, Nanocatalytic conversion of CO 2 into nanodiamonds. Carbon 123, 205–215
(2017)
44. Y. Lu, Y. Liu, C. Zhou, G. Luo, Preparation of Li 2 CO 3 nanoparticles by carbonation reaction
using a microfiltration membrane dispersion microreactor. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 53, 11015–
11020 (2014)
45. L. Rojo, I.C. Hurtado, M.C. Morant-Minana, G.G. Mandayo, E. Castano, Enhanced features
of Li 2 CO 3 sputtered thin films induced by thickness and annealing time. CrystEngComm 17,
1597–1602 (2015)
46. P.W. Jaschin, K.B. Varma, Rapid and facile one-step synthesis of LiTaO 3 nanorods. CrystEngComm 17, 4642–4646 (2015)
47. C. Yerlikaya, N. Ullah, A.R. Kamali, R.V. Kumar, Size-controllable synthesis of lithium niobate
nanocrystals using modified Pechini polymeric precursor method. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim.
125, 17–22 (2016)
48. W. Liu, J. Zhang, Q. Wang, X. Xie, Y. Lou, B. Xia, The effects of Li 2 CO 3 particle size on the
properties of lithium titanate as anode material for lithium-ion batteries. Ionics 20, 1553–1560
(2014)
49. B. Akinwolemiwa, L. Yu, D. Hu, X. Jin, J.M. Slattery, G.Z. Chen, Highlights from liquid
salts for energy and materials—Faraday Discussion, Ningbo, China, 11–13 May 2016. Chem.
Commun. 52, 12538–12554 (2016)
50. K. Otake, H. Kinoshita, T. Kikuchi, R.O. Suzuki, CO 2 gas decomposition to carbon by electroreduction in molten salts. Electrochim. Acta 100, 293–299 (2013)
51. L. Li, Z. Shi, B. Gao, X. Hu, Z. Wang, Electrochemical conversion of CO 2 to carbon and
oxygen in LiCl–Li 2 O melts. Electrochim. Acta 190, 655–658 (2016)
52. T. Wakamatsu, T. Uchiyama, S. Natsui, T. Kikuchi, R.O. Suzuki, Solubility of gaseous carbon
dioxide in molten LiCl–Li 2 O. Fluid Phase Equilibr. 15, 48–53 (2015)
53. C.P. Herrero, R. Ramirez, Diffusion of hydrogen in graphite: A molecular dynamics simulation.
J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 43, 255402 (2010)
54. H. Zhang, X. Sun, X. Huang, L. Zhou, Encapsulation of α-Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticles in graphitic
carbon microspheres as high-performance anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. Nanoscale
7, 3270–3275 (2015)
59
33. M. Terrones, W.K. Hsu, A. Schilder, H. Terrones, N. Grobert, J.P. Hare et al., Novel nanotubes
and encapsulated nanowires. Appl. Phys. A 66, 307–317 (1998)
34. Q. Xu, C. Schwandt, D.J. Fray, Electrochemical investigation of lithium and tin reduction at a
graphite cathode in molten chlorides. J. Electroanal. Chem. 562, 15–21 (2004)
35. R.D. Gupta, C. Schwandt, D.J. Fray, Preparation of tin-filled carbon nanotubes and nanoparticles by molten salt electrolysis. Carbon 70, 142–148 (2014)
36. A.R. Kamali, D.J. Fray, A possible scalable method for the synthesis of Sn-containing carbon
nanostructures. Mater. Today Commun. 2, 38–48 (2015)
37. K.S. Novoselov, D. Jiang, F. Schedin, T.J. Booth, V.V. Khotkevich, S.V. Morozov, A.K. Geim,
Two-dimensional atomic crystals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102, 10451–10453 (2005)
38. J. Zhang, I. Khatri, N. Kishi, S.M. Mominuzzaman, T. Soga, T. Jimbo, Low substrate temperature synthesis of carbon nanowalls by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis. Thin Solid Films 519,
4162–4165 (2011)
39. S.R. Plant, L. Cao, F. Yin, Z.W. Wang, R.E. Palmer, Size-dependent propagation of Au
nanoclusters through few-layer graphene. Nanoscale 6, 1258–1263 (2014)
40. S.-H. Park, S.-B. Yoon, H.-K. Kim, J.T. Han, H.-W. Park, J. Han, S.-M. Yun, H.-K. Chung,
K.C. Roh, K.-B. Kim, Spine-like nanostructured carbon interconnected by graphene for highperformance supercapacitors. Sci. Rep. 4, 6118 (2014)
41. Z. Chen, J. Wen, C. Yan, L. Rice, H. Sohn, M. Shen, M. Cai, B. Dunn, Y. Lu, High-Performance
Supercapacitors Based on Hierarchically Porous Graphite Particles. Adv. Energy Mater. 1,
551–556 (2011)
42. D. Bhattacharjya, M.-S. Kim, T.-S. Bae, J.-S. Yu, High performance supercapacitor prepared
from hollow mesoporous carbon capsules with hierarchical nanoarchitecture. J. Power Sources
244, 799–805 (2013)
43. A.R. Kamali, Nanocatalytic conversion of CO 2 into nanodiamonds. Carbon 123, 205–215
(2017)
44. Y. Lu, Y. Liu, C. Zhou, G. Luo, Preparation of Li 2 CO 3 nanoparticles by carbonation reaction
using a microfiltration membrane dispersion microreactor. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 53, 11015–
11020 (2014)
45. L. Rojo, I.C. Hurtado, M.C. Morant-Minana, G.G. Mandayo, E. Castano, Enhanced features
of Li 2 CO 3 sputtered thin films induced by thickness and annealing time. CrystEngComm 17,
1597–1602 (2015)
46. P.W. Jaschin, K.B. Varma, Rapid and facile one-step synthesis of LiTaO 3 nanorods. CrystEngComm 17, 4642–4646 (2015)
47. C. Yerlikaya, N. Ullah, A.R. Kamali, R.V. Kumar, Size-controllable synthesis of lithium niobate
nanocrystals using modified Pechini polymeric precursor method. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim.
125, 17–22 (2016)
48. W. Liu, J. Zhang, Q. Wang, X. Xie, Y. Lou, B. Xia, The effects of Li 2 CO 3 particle size on the
properties of lithium titanate as anode material for lithium-ion batteries. Ionics 20, 1553–1560
(2014)
49. B. Akinwolemiwa, L. Yu, D. Hu, X. Jin, J.M. Slattery, G.Z. Chen, Highlights from liquid
salts for energy and materials—Faraday Discussion, Ningbo, China, 11–13 May 2016. Chem.
Commun. 52, 12538–12554 (2016)
50. K. Otake, H. Kinoshita, T. Kikuchi, R.O. Suzuki, CO 2 gas decomposition to carbon by electroreduction in molten salts. Electrochim. Acta 100, 293–299 (2013)
51. L. Li, Z. Shi, B. Gao, X. Hu, Z. Wang, Electrochemical conversion of CO 2 to carbon and
oxygen in LiCl–Li 2 O melts. Electrochim. Acta 190, 655–658 (2016)
52. T. Wakamatsu, T. Uchiyama, S. Natsui, T. Kikuchi, R.O. Suzuki, Solubility of gaseous carbon
dioxide in molten LiCl–Li 2 O. Fluid Phase Equilibr. 15, 48–53 (2015)
53. C.P. Herrero, R. Ramirez, Diffusion of hydrogen in graphite: A molecular dynamics simulation.
J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 43, 255402 (2010)
54. H. Zhang, X. Sun, X. Huang, L. Zhou, Encapsulation of α-Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticles in graphitic
carbon microspheres as high-performance anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. Nanoscale
7, 3270–3275 (2015)