58
4 Cathodic Exfoliation of Graphite in Molten Salt Electrolytes
13. H.K. Kim, A.R. Kamali, K.C. Roh, K.B. Kim, D.J. Fray, Dual coexisting interconnected
graphene nanostructures for high performance supercapacitor applications. Energy Environ.
Sci. 9, 2249–2256 (2016)
14. A.R. Kamali, J. Feighan, D.J. Fray, Towards large scale preparation of graphene in molten salts
and its use in the fabrication of highly toughened alumina ceramics. Faraday Discuss. 190,
451–470 (2016)
15. G.Z. Chen, X.D. Fan, A. Luget, M.S.P. Shaffer, D.J. Fray, A.H. Windle, Electrolytic conversion
of graphite to carbon nanotubes in fused salts. J. Electroanal. Chem. 446, 1–6 (1998)
16. G.Z. Chen, I. Kinloch, M.S.P. Shaffer, D.J. Fray, A.H. Windle, Electrochemical investigation
of the formation of carbon nanotubes in molten salts. High Temp. Mater. Process. 2, 459–469
(1998)
17. I.A. Kinloch, G.Z. Chen, J. Howes, C. Boothroyd, C. Singh, D.J. Fray, A.H. Windle, Electrolytic, TEM and Raman studies on the production of carbon nanotubes in molten NaCl.
Carbon 41, 1127–1141 (2003)
18. G. Kaptay, I. Sytchev, J. Miklósi, P. Nagy, P. Póczik, K. Papp, E. Kálmán, Electrochemical
synthesis of carbon nanotubes and microtubes from molten salts, in Progress in Molten Salt
Chemistry, vol. 1, ed. by R.W. Berg, H.A. Hjuler (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2000), pp. 257–262
19. J. Miklósi, P. Póczik, I. Sytchev, K. Papp, G. Kaptay, P. Nagy, E. Kálmán, Atomic force
microscopy investigation of electrochemically produced carbon nanotubes. Appl. Phys. A 72,
89–92 (2001)
20. A.T. Dimitrov, G.Z. Chen, I.A. Kinloch, D.J. Fray, A feasibility study of scaling-up the
electrolytic production of carbon nanotubes in molten salts. Electrochim. Acta 48, 91–102
(2002)
21. Q. Xu, C. Schwandt, G.Z. Chen, D.J. Fray, Electrochemical investigation of lithium intercalation into graphite from molten lithium chloride. J. Electroanal. Chem. 530, 16–22
(2002)
22. C. Schwandt, A.T. Dimitrov, D.J. Fray, The preparation of nanostructured carbon materials
by electrolysis of molten, lithium chloride at graphite electrodes. J. Electroanal. Chem. 647,
150–158 (2010)
23. C. Schwandt, A.T. Dimitrov, D.J. Fray, High-yield synthesis of multi-walled carbon nanotubes
from graphite by molten salt electrolysis. Carbon 50, 1311–1315 (2012)
24. R.D. Gupta, The electrochemical production of tin filled carbon nanotubes and their use as
anode materials in lithium-ion batteries. Ph.D. thesis, University of Cambridge, Department of
Materials Science and Metallurgy, 2008
25. A.C. Ferrari, Raman spectroscopy of graphene and graphite: Disorder, electron–phonon
coupling, doping and nonadiabatic effects. Solid State Commun. 143, 47–57 (2007)
26. A.R. Kamali, Scalable fabrication of highly conductive 3D graphene by electrochemical exfoliation of graphite in molten NaCl under Ar/H 2 atmosphere. J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 52, 18–27
(2017)
27. A.D. Kirshenbaum, J.A. Cahill, P.J. Mcgonigal, A.V. Grosse, The Density of liquid NaCl and
KCl and an estimate of their critical constants together with those of the other alkali halides.
J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 24, 1287–1296 (1962)
28. S.H. Cho, J.M. Hur, C.S. Seo, J.S. Yoon, S.W. Park, Hot corrosion behavior of Ni-base alloys
in a molten salt under an oxidizing atmosphere. J. Alloys Compd. 468, 263–269 (2009)
29. G.S. Solano, J.P. Calderon, J.G.G. Rodriguez, V.M.S. Bravo, J.A.A. Gutierrez, L.M. Gomez,
High Temperature Corrosion of Inconel 600 in NaCl-KCl Molten Salts. Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng.
2014, 696081 (2014)
30. N.S. Patel, V. Pavlík, M. Boˇ ca, High-temperature corrosion behavior of superalloys in molten
salts—a review. Crit. Rev. Solid State Mater. Sci. 42, 83–97 (2017)
31. L. Hu, Y. Song, J. Ge, J. Zhu, S. Jiao, Capture and electrochemical conversion of CO 2 to
ultrathin graphite sheets in CaCl 2 -based melts. J. Mater. Chem. A 3, 21211–21218 (2015)
32. W.K. Hsu, S. Trasobares, H. Terrones, M. Terrones, N. Grobert, Y.Q. Zhu, W.Z. Li, R. Escudero,
J.P. Hare, H.W. Kroto, D.R.M. Walton, Electrolytic formation of carbon-sheathed mixed Sn–Pb
nanowires. Chem. Mater. 11, 1747–1751 (1999)
4 Cathodic Exfoliation of Graphite in Molten Salt Electrolytes
13. H.K. Kim, A.R. Kamali, K.C. Roh, K.B. Kim, D.J. Fray, Dual coexisting interconnected
graphene nanostructures for high performance supercapacitor applications. Energy Environ.
Sci. 9, 2249–2256 (2016)
14. A.R. Kamali, J. Feighan, D.J. Fray, Towards large scale preparation of graphene in molten salts
and its use in the fabrication of highly toughened alumina ceramics. Faraday Discuss. 190,
451–470 (2016)
15. G.Z. Chen, X.D. Fan, A. Luget, M.S.P. Shaffer, D.J. Fray, A.H. Windle, Electrolytic conversion
of graphite to carbon nanotubes in fused salts. J. Electroanal. Chem. 446, 1–6 (1998)
16. G.Z. Chen, I. Kinloch, M.S.P. Shaffer, D.J. Fray, A.H. Windle, Electrochemical investigation
of the formation of carbon nanotubes in molten salts. High Temp. Mater. Process. 2, 459–469
(1998)
17. I.A. Kinloch, G.Z. Chen, J. Howes, C. Boothroyd, C. Singh, D.J. Fray, A.H. Windle, Electrolytic, TEM and Raman studies on the production of carbon nanotubes in molten NaCl.
Carbon 41, 1127–1141 (2003)
18. G. Kaptay, I. Sytchev, J. Miklósi, P. Nagy, P. Póczik, K. Papp, E. Kálmán, Electrochemical
synthesis of carbon nanotubes and microtubes from molten salts, in Progress in Molten Salt
Chemistry, vol. 1, ed. by R.W. Berg, H.A. Hjuler (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2000), pp. 257–262
19. J. Miklósi, P. Póczik, I. Sytchev, K. Papp, G. Kaptay, P. Nagy, E. Kálmán, Atomic force
microscopy investigation of electrochemically produced carbon nanotubes. Appl. Phys. A 72,
89–92 (2001)
20. A.T. Dimitrov, G.Z. Chen, I.A. Kinloch, D.J. Fray, A feasibility study of scaling-up the
electrolytic production of carbon nanotubes in molten salts. Electrochim. Acta 48, 91–102
(2002)
21. Q. Xu, C. Schwandt, G.Z. Chen, D.J. Fray, Electrochemical investigation of lithium intercalation into graphite from molten lithium chloride. J. Electroanal. Chem. 530, 16–22
(2002)
22. C. Schwandt, A.T. Dimitrov, D.J. Fray, The preparation of nanostructured carbon materials
by electrolysis of molten, lithium chloride at graphite electrodes. J. Electroanal. Chem. 647,
150–158 (2010)
23. C. Schwandt, A.T. Dimitrov, D.J. Fray, High-yield synthesis of multi-walled carbon nanotubes
from graphite by molten salt electrolysis. Carbon 50, 1311–1315 (2012)
24. R.D. Gupta, The electrochemical production of tin filled carbon nanotubes and their use as
anode materials in lithium-ion batteries. Ph.D. thesis, University of Cambridge, Department of
Materials Science and Metallurgy, 2008
25. A.C. Ferrari, Raman spectroscopy of graphene and graphite: Disorder, electron–phonon
coupling, doping and nonadiabatic effects. Solid State Commun. 143, 47–57 (2007)
26. A.R. Kamali, Scalable fabrication of highly conductive 3D graphene by electrochemical exfoliation of graphite in molten NaCl under Ar/H 2 atmosphere. J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 52, 18–27
(2017)
27. A.D. Kirshenbaum, J.A. Cahill, P.J. Mcgonigal, A.V. Grosse, The Density of liquid NaCl and
KCl and an estimate of their critical constants together with those of the other alkali halides.
J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 24, 1287–1296 (1962)
28. S.H. Cho, J.M. Hur, C.S. Seo, J.S. Yoon, S.W. Park, Hot corrosion behavior of Ni-base alloys
in a molten salt under an oxidizing atmosphere. J. Alloys Compd. 468, 263–269 (2009)
29. G.S. Solano, J.P. Calderon, J.G.G. Rodriguez, V.M.S. Bravo, J.A.A. Gutierrez, L.M. Gomez,
High Temperature Corrosion of Inconel 600 in NaCl-KCl Molten Salts. Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng.
2014, 696081 (2014)
30. N.S. Patel, V. Pavlík, M. Boˇ ca, High-temperature corrosion behavior of superalloys in molten
salts—a review. Crit. Rev. Solid State Mater. Sci. 42, 83–97 (2017)
31. L. Hu, Y. Song, J. Ge, J. Zhu, S. Jiao, Capture and electrochemical conversion of CO 2 to
ultrathin graphite sheets in CaCl 2 -based melts. J. Mater. Chem. A 3, 21211–21218 (2015)
32. W.K. Hsu, S. Trasobares, H. Terrones, M. Terrones, N. Grobert, Y.Q. Zhu, W.Z. Li, R. Escudero,
J.P. Hare, H.W. Kroto, D.R.M. Walton, Electrolytic formation of carbon-sheathed mixed Sn–Pb
nanowires. Chem. Mater. 11, 1747–1751 (1999)