138
7 Molten Salt Conversion of Plastics into Highly Conductive …
64. C. Wu, M.A. Nahil, N. Miskolczi, J. Huang, P.T. Williams, Processing real-world waste
plastics by pyrolysis-reforming for hydrogen and high-value carbon nanotubes. Environ. Sci.
Technol. 48, 819–826 (2014)
65. M.N.M. Hatta, M.S. Hashim, R. Hussin, S. Aida, Z. Kamdi, A.R. Ainuddin, Synthesis of
carbon nanostructures from high density polyethylene (HDPE) and polyethylene terephthalate
(PET) waste by chemical vapour deposition. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 914, 012029 (2017)
66. V.G. Pol, Upcycling: converting waste plastics into paramagnetic, conducting, solid, pure
carbon microspheres. Environ. Sci. Technol. 44, 4753–4759 (2010)
67. N.A.E. Essawy, S.M. Ali, H.A. Farag, A.H. Konsowa, M. Elnouby, H.A. Hamad, Green
synthesis of graphene from recycled PET bottle wastes for use in the adsorption of dyes in
aqueous solution. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety 145, 57–68 (2017)
68. Z. Hu, X. Xiao, H. Jin, T. Li, M. Chen, Z. Liang, Z. Guo, J. Li, J. Wan, L. Huang, Y. Zhang,
G. Feng, J. Zhou, Rapid mass production of two-dimensional metal oxides and hydroxides
via the molten salts method. Nat. Commun. 8, 15630 (2017)
69. Z. Li, X. Zhang, J. Hou, K. Zhou, Molten salt synthesis of anisometric Sr 3 Ti 2 O 7 particles. J.
Cryst. Growth 305, 265–270 (2007)
70. A.R. Kamali, D.J. Fray, Preparation of lithium niobate particles via reactive molten salt
synthesis method. Ceram. Int. 40, 1835–1841 (2014)
71. A.R. Kamali, C. Schwandt, D.J. Fray, Effect of the graphite electrode material on the characteristics of molten salt electrolytically produced carbon nanomaterials. Mater. Character. 62,
987–994 (2011)
72. K.S.W. Sing, D.H. Everrtt, R.A.W. Haul, L. Moscou, R.A. Pierotti, J. Rouquerol et al., Reporting physisorption data for gas/solid systems with special reference to the determination of
surface area and porosity. Pure Appl. Chem. 57, 603–619 (1985)
73. H. Pan, J. Li, Y.P. Feng, Carbon nanotubes for supercapacitor. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 5, 654–668
(2010)
74. L. Zou, C. Lan, X. Li, S. Zhang, Y. Qiu, Superhydrophobization of cotton fabric with multiwalled carbon nanotubes for durable electromagnetic interference shielding. Fiber. Polym.
16, 2158–2164 (2015)
75. B. Weng, Y.J. Xu, What if the electrical conductivity of graphene is significantly deteriorated for the graphene–semiconductor composite-based photocatalysis? ACS Appl. Mater.
Interfaces. 7, 27948–27958 (2015)
76. N. Nitta, F. Wu, J.T. Lee, G. Yushin, Li-ion battery materials: Present and future. Mater. Today
18, 252–264 (2015)
77. A. Rezaei, B. Kamali, A.R. Kamali, Correlation between morphological, structural and electrical properties of graphite and exfoliated graphene nanostructures. Measurement 150, 107087
(2020)
78. F. Sun, J. Gao, X. Liu, X. Pi, Y. Yang, S. Wu, Porous carbon with a large surface area and
an ultrahigh carbon purity via templating carbonization coupling with KOH activation as
excellent supercapacitor electrode materials. Appl. Surf. Sci. 387, 857–863 (2016)
79. Z. Qiu, Y. Wang, X. Bi, T. Zhou, J. Zhou, J. Zhao et al., Biochar-based carbons with hierarchical
micro-meso-macro porosity for high rate and long cycle life supercapacitors. J. Power Sources
376, 82–90 (2018)
80. J. Wang, S. Kaskel, KOH activation of carbon-based materials for energy storage. J. Mater.
Chem. 22, 23710–23735 (2012)
81. A.R. Kamali. D.J. Fray, Molten salt corrosion of graphite as a possible way to make carbon
nanostructures. Carbon 56, 121–131 (2013)
82. A.R. Kamali, D.J. Fray, Towards large scale preparation of carbon nanostructures in molten
LiCl. Carbon 77, 835–845 (2014)
83. A.R. Kamali, Eco-friendly production of high quality low cost graphene and its application
in lithium ion batteries. Green Chem. 18, 1952–1964 (2016)
84. A.R. Kamali, Scalable fabrication of highly conductive 3D graphene by electrochemical
exfoliation of graphite in molten NaCl under Ar/H 2 atmosphere. J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 52,
18–27 (2017)
7 Molten Salt Conversion of Plastics into Highly Conductive …
64. C. Wu, M.A. Nahil, N. Miskolczi, J. Huang, P.T. Williams, Processing real-world waste
plastics by pyrolysis-reforming for hydrogen and high-value carbon nanotubes. Environ. Sci.
Technol. 48, 819–826 (2014)
65. M.N.M. Hatta, M.S. Hashim, R. Hussin, S. Aida, Z. Kamdi, A.R. Ainuddin, Synthesis of
carbon nanostructures from high density polyethylene (HDPE) and polyethylene terephthalate
(PET) waste by chemical vapour deposition. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 914, 012029 (2017)
66. V.G. Pol, Upcycling: converting waste plastics into paramagnetic, conducting, solid, pure
carbon microspheres. Environ. Sci. Technol. 44, 4753–4759 (2010)
67. N.A.E. Essawy, S.M. Ali, H.A. Farag, A.H. Konsowa, M. Elnouby, H.A. Hamad, Green
synthesis of graphene from recycled PET bottle wastes for use in the adsorption of dyes in
aqueous solution. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety 145, 57–68 (2017)
68. Z. Hu, X. Xiao, H. Jin, T. Li, M. Chen, Z. Liang, Z. Guo, J. Li, J. Wan, L. Huang, Y. Zhang,
G. Feng, J. Zhou, Rapid mass production of two-dimensional metal oxides and hydroxides
via the molten salts method. Nat. Commun. 8, 15630 (2017)
69. Z. Li, X. Zhang, J. Hou, K. Zhou, Molten salt synthesis of anisometric Sr 3 Ti 2 O 7 particles. J.
Cryst. Growth 305, 265–270 (2007)
70. A.R. Kamali, D.J. Fray, Preparation of lithium niobate particles via reactive molten salt
synthesis method. Ceram. Int. 40, 1835–1841 (2014)
71. A.R. Kamali, C. Schwandt, D.J. Fray, Effect of the graphite electrode material on the characteristics of molten salt electrolytically produced carbon nanomaterials. Mater. Character. 62,
987–994 (2011)
72. K.S.W. Sing, D.H. Everrtt, R.A.W. Haul, L. Moscou, R.A. Pierotti, J. Rouquerol et al., Reporting physisorption data for gas/solid systems with special reference to the determination of
surface area and porosity. Pure Appl. Chem. 57, 603–619 (1985)
73. H. Pan, J. Li, Y.P. Feng, Carbon nanotubes for supercapacitor. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 5, 654–668
(2010)
74. L. Zou, C. Lan, X. Li, S. Zhang, Y. Qiu, Superhydrophobization of cotton fabric with multiwalled carbon nanotubes for durable electromagnetic interference shielding. Fiber. Polym.
16, 2158–2164 (2015)
75. B. Weng, Y.J. Xu, What if the electrical conductivity of graphene is significantly deteriorated for the graphene–semiconductor composite-based photocatalysis? ACS Appl. Mater.
Interfaces. 7, 27948–27958 (2015)
76. N. Nitta, F. Wu, J.T. Lee, G. Yushin, Li-ion battery materials: Present and future. Mater. Today
18, 252–264 (2015)
77. A. Rezaei, B. Kamali, A.R. Kamali, Correlation between morphological, structural and electrical properties of graphite and exfoliated graphene nanostructures. Measurement 150, 107087
(2020)
78. F. Sun, J. Gao, X. Liu, X. Pi, Y. Yang, S. Wu, Porous carbon with a large surface area and
an ultrahigh carbon purity via templating carbonization coupling with KOH activation as
excellent supercapacitor electrode materials. Appl. Surf. Sci. 387, 857–863 (2016)
79. Z. Qiu, Y. Wang, X. Bi, T. Zhou, J. Zhou, J. Zhao et al., Biochar-based carbons with hierarchical
micro-meso-macro porosity for high rate and long cycle life supercapacitors. J. Power Sources
376, 82–90 (2018)
80. J. Wang, S. Kaskel, KOH activation of carbon-based materials for energy storage. J. Mater.
Chem. 22, 23710–23735 (2012)
81. A.R. Kamali. D.J. Fray, Molten salt corrosion of graphite as a possible way to make carbon
nanostructures. Carbon 56, 121–131 (2013)
82. A.R. Kamali, D.J. Fray, Towards large scale preparation of carbon nanostructures in molten
LiCl. Carbon 77, 835–845 (2014)
83. A.R. Kamali, Eco-friendly production of high quality low cost graphene and its application
in lithium ion batteries. Green Chem. 18, 1952–1964 (2016)
84. A.R. Kamali, Scalable fabrication of highly conductive 3D graphene by electrochemical
exfoliation of graphite in molten NaCl under Ar/H 2 atmosphere. J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 52,
18–27 (2017)