Synthesis, Characterization, and Application of Biogenic …
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3. Temperature: Temperature is another influencing factor that affects the synthesis of nanoparticles. All three methods—physical, chemical, and biological—
require the highest temperature for the synthesis of nanoparticles. The physical
method requires at least 350 °C temperature and the chemical method requires
less than 350 °C temperature. The synthesis of nanoparticles through biological
system requires less than 100 °C temperature.
4. Time: Time influences properties and the characteristics of synthesized nanoparticles is the most important factor which influences the characteristics of nanoparticles. Variations in time affect the growth of nanoparticles, storage, and shelf
life of the nanoparticles. The nanoparticles synthesized by biogenic approach are
mainly influenced by incubation time.
5. Pressure: Pressure which is used for the reaction medium directly affects the
size and shape of the nanoparticles.
6. Particle Shape and Size: Particle shape and size also play important role in
the synthesis of nanoparticles. Properties of nanoparticles are based on accurate
size and shape. Shape and size mainly affects the chemical properties of the
nanoparticles.
7. Environment: Favorable environmental conditions determined the nature of
the nanoparticles. Environment affects the physical and chemical properties of
nanoparticles (Grillo et al. 2014; Hua et al. 2012; Ibrahim et al. 2016).
3 Characterization of Nanoparticles
Characterization means analysis of the materials, structure, composition, and physical–chemical properties. Characterization of nanoparticles is done by two most
common methods: microscopy and spectroscopy.
Microscopy
1. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
2. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
3. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM)
Spectroscopy:
1. X-ray diffraction (XRD)
2. Ultraviolet spectroscopy (UV–Vis)
3. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)
Characterization of nanoparticles is done by various techniques, like; SEM, TEM,
FTIR, AFM, XRD, UV–Vis spectroscopy. These characterization techniques are
most commonly used to determine the size, shape, structure, and surface area of the
synthesized nanoparticles. Morphology and size of the nanoparticles are determined
by TEM, SEM, and AFM (Choi et al. 2007). Summary of the experimental techniques
that are used for nanoparticle characterization is shown in Table 1.
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3. Temperature: Temperature is another influencing factor that affects the synthesis of nanoparticles. All three methods—physical, chemical, and biological—
require the highest temperature for the synthesis of nanoparticles. The physical
method requires at least 350 °C temperature and the chemical method requires
less than 350 °C temperature. The synthesis of nanoparticles through biological
system requires less than 100 °C temperature.
4. Time: Time influences properties and the characteristics of synthesized nanoparticles is the most important factor which influences the characteristics of nanoparticles. Variations in time affect the growth of nanoparticles, storage, and shelf
life of the nanoparticles. The nanoparticles synthesized by biogenic approach are
mainly influenced by incubation time.
5. Pressure: Pressure which is used for the reaction medium directly affects the
size and shape of the nanoparticles.
6. Particle Shape and Size: Particle shape and size also play important role in
the synthesis of nanoparticles. Properties of nanoparticles are based on accurate
size and shape. Shape and size mainly affects the chemical properties of the
nanoparticles.
7. Environment: Favorable environmental conditions determined the nature of
the nanoparticles. Environment affects the physical and chemical properties of
nanoparticles (Grillo et al. 2014; Hua et al. 2012; Ibrahim et al. 2016).
3 Characterization of Nanoparticles
Characterization means analysis of the materials, structure, composition, and physical–chemical properties. Characterization of nanoparticles is done by two most
common methods: microscopy and spectroscopy.
Microscopy
1. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
2. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
3. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM)
Spectroscopy:
1. X-ray diffraction (XRD)
2. Ultraviolet spectroscopy (UV–Vis)
3. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)
Characterization of nanoparticles is done by various techniques, like; SEM, TEM,
FTIR, AFM, XRD, UV–Vis spectroscopy. These characterization techniques are
most commonly used to determine the size, shape, structure, and surface area of the
synthesized nanoparticles. Morphology and size of the nanoparticles are determined
by TEM, SEM, and AFM (Choi et al. 2007). Summary of the experimental techniques
that are used for nanoparticle characterization is shown in Table 1.