Designing Novel Photocatalysts for Disinfection of Multidrug-Resistant …
467
and crystal structure might have a function in NPs mediated cytotoxicity. Lucarelli
et al. (2004) with their in vitro studies reported SiO 2 and cobalt (Co) NPs to be
significantly pro-inflammatory in human marrow monocytes (Vale et al. 2016).
The outcome of nanomaterials in the aquatic environment might be influenced
by different factors and processes, such as particle size and charge, aggregation and
disaggregation, diffusion, intra interaction between NPs and natural water organic,
inorganic components, transformation by-products, biotic and abiotic degradation
and photosensitivity (Vale et al. 2016). Currently, nanomaterials are highly suggested
for the application of wastewater treatment due to their extraordinary properties.
Misra et al. (2018) reported clay-based ZnO NCs for photocatalytic disinfection of
MDR microorganisms. The NCs were reported biocompatible against HCT-116 cell
lines at an effective concentration of 200 mg/L, it is shown that about 74% of the
cells survive. The effect of toxicity was also studied on Zebra Fish Model, to have
a better overview of the animal model, where they were reported to be effective,
at a concentration of about 150 mg/L, without creating any visible changes in the
intestinal linings of the fish, signifying its use in the selective disinfection of MDR
species without having post threats of aquatic toxicity (Misra et al. 2018). The reduced
toxicity of ZnO based NCs on plant species was also reported by Rahman et al. (2018)
where PCD treated water was found to have supportive effects on the germination
of Zea mays (Misra et al. 2018).
Thus, engineering green NCs has been portrayed as the advancement of clean
technologies to lessen possible environmental and human health risks. Also these
compatible nanomaterials should promote the replacement of existing toxic nano
products with novel formulations that are more environmentally friendly throughout
their life cycle and use (Hutchison 2008).
5 Future Perspectives and Practical Applicability
of Photocatalyst Technology
Practical demonstrations of water disinfection using TiO 2 and ZnO mediated photocatalysis using immobilized systems can be found in literature galore and possess
a big challenge. Current scenario of development of photocatalytic WWT processes
dictates that their potential usage at pilot plant scale is still under investigation. Some
pilot plants have been created to obtain probable data in terms of efficiency of treatment, volume-specific site area requirements, power consumption, chemical costs,
and post-process emissions. The heterogeneous photocatalysis and photo-Fenton
plants from pilot plants of Instituto Nacional de Engenharia, Technologia Industrial
e Inovacao, Portugal (INETI) and Plataforma Solar de Almeria, Spain (PSA) have
delivered most of these data for technical evaluation and further modifications. Both
these units have installed compound parabolic collectors with an aperture of 4.16 m
2
to harvest the maximum of sunlight and utilize it for PCD applications in batch
467
and crystal structure might have a function in NPs mediated cytotoxicity. Lucarelli
et al. (2004) with their in vitro studies reported SiO 2 and cobalt (Co) NPs to be
significantly pro-inflammatory in human marrow monocytes (Vale et al. 2016).
The outcome of nanomaterials in the aquatic environment might be influenced
by different factors and processes, such as particle size and charge, aggregation and
disaggregation, diffusion, intra interaction between NPs and natural water organic,
inorganic components, transformation by-products, biotic and abiotic degradation
and photosensitivity (Vale et al. 2016). Currently, nanomaterials are highly suggested
for the application of wastewater treatment due to their extraordinary properties.
Misra et al. (2018) reported clay-based ZnO NCs for photocatalytic disinfection of
MDR microorganisms. The NCs were reported biocompatible against HCT-116 cell
lines at an effective concentration of 200 mg/L, it is shown that about 74% of the
cells survive. The effect of toxicity was also studied on Zebra Fish Model, to have
a better overview of the animal model, where they were reported to be effective,
at a concentration of about 150 mg/L, without creating any visible changes in the
intestinal linings of the fish, signifying its use in the selective disinfection of MDR
species without having post threats of aquatic toxicity (Misra et al. 2018). The reduced
toxicity of ZnO based NCs on plant species was also reported by Rahman et al. (2018)
where PCD treated water was found to have supportive effects on the germination
of Zea mays (Misra et al. 2018).
Thus, engineering green NCs has been portrayed as the advancement of clean
technologies to lessen possible environmental and human health risks. Also these
compatible nanomaterials should promote the replacement of existing toxic nano
products with novel formulations that are more environmentally friendly throughout
their life cycle and use (Hutchison 2008).
5 Future Perspectives and Practical Applicability
of Photocatalyst Technology
Practical demonstrations of water disinfection using TiO 2 and ZnO mediated photocatalysis using immobilized systems can be found in literature galore and possess
a big challenge. Current scenario of development of photocatalytic WWT processes
dictates that their potential usage at pilot plant scale is still under investigation. Some
pilot plants have been created to obtain probable data in terms of efficiency of treatment, volume-specific site area requirements, power consumption, chemical costs,
and post-process emissions. The heterogeneous photocatalysis and photo-Fenton
plants from pilot plants of Instituto Nacional de Engenharia, Technologia Industrial
e Inovacao, Portugal (INETI) and Plataforma Solar de Almeria, Spain (PSA) have
delivered most of these data for technical evaluation and further modifications. Both
these units have installed compound parabolic collectors with an aperture of 4.16 m
2
to harvest the maximum of sunlight and utilize it for PCD applications in batch