466
S. Das et al.
4 Catalyst Poisoning and Long Term Effect on Human
Health, Animal Health and Agriculture
Nanomaterials are extensively being used in the field of medicine and drug delivery for consumer products and money-making that leads to greater exposure direct
and indirect in humans (Pattan and Kaul 2014). They are often intentionally coated
with biomolecules like protein, DNA and monoclonal antibodies to target human
cells (Lewinski et al. 2008; Nalwa 2014). The new physicochemical properties of
these formulations may begin new means of damage and toxicological effects due
to their disparaging interactions with biological systems and the environment (Ray
et al. 2009; Yan et al. 2016). Albeit not as much studied than human health, apprehension regarding environmental impacts specifically with ecotoxicology, environmental
chemistry, behavior, and fate are areas of limelight (Zhu et al. 2008). Nanomaterials
might possibly pose a threat to the environment through directly effecting invertebrates, microorganisms, aquatic organisms and other species, their interaction with
other pollutants might alter into toxic by-products which are more bioavailable,
altering the dynamics of nonliving environmental bodies like the carbon, nitrogen,
phosphorus, and sulfur cycle (Dhawan and Sharma 2010). Thus, understanding this
phenomenon is a decisive phase for the accountable advance of nanotechnology and
to attain full advantage of its applications. As nanotechnology establishes its worth,
questions are being provoked concerning whether the nanoformulations will be hazardous to the environment and to the health of humans as a whole and whether the
processing will generate new hazards when released into waste streams, and agriculture runoffs. Infact, nanomaterials may have significant, unidentified, threats that
might be of threat to the workers in research, industries and laboratory, cleaners
in disposal and waste facilities (Iavicoli et al. 2014) with major areas of exposure
through dermal, respiratory, and gastrointestinal tracts.
In humans, inhalable nanomaterials that have a particle size more than 2.5 μm
have a propensity to deposit in the nose and throat whereas NPs lesser than 2.5 μm
size can locate their way to the upper airways (Alfaro-Moreno et al. 2007). Owing
to their small size, they might possibly pass into the bloodstream through the lungs
and eventually taken up by cells and other organs like liver, spleen, kidney, and
heart (Sturm 2015). Anatase TiO 2 metal oxide when modified to fibrous structure of
greater than 15 μm was toxic enough to initiate an inflammatory response by alveolar
macrophages owing to their non-compatible biocompatibility (Hamilton et al. 2009).
Further, the size, i.e., 1 nm, shape, and charge of nanomaterials are the foremost
feature that facilitates their uptake across the gills or gastrointestinal tract of aquatic
and terrestrial organisms (Batley et al. 2012). Wang and their group reported that
photoactivated cerium-doped TiO 2 induces apoptosis in Bel 7402 human hepatoma
cells (Wang et al. 2007). NPs like ZnO and sunscreen TiO 2 can also induce oxidative
damage to DNA as studied in vitro with human fibroblast cells (Braydich-Stolle et al.
2009; Dunford et al. 1997), demonstrated that 100% anatase NPs, in spite of their
big size, induces necrosis and cell membrane leakage, without the generation of ROS
in contrast to the apoptotic rutile NPs that generate ROS. Thus, it appears that size
S. Das et al.
4 Catalyst Poisoning and Long Term Effect on Human
Health, Animal Health and Agriculture
Nanomaterials are extensively being used in the field of medicine and drug delivery for consumer products and money-making that leads to greater exposure direct
and indirect in humans (Pattan and Kaul 2014). They are often intentionally coated
with biomolecules like protein, DNA and monoclonal antibodies to target human
cells (Lewinski et al. 2008; Nalwa 2014). The new physicochemical properties of
these formulations may begin new means of damage and toxicological effects due
to their disparaging interactions with biological systems and the environment (Ray
et al. 2009; Yan et al. 2016). Albeit not as much studied than human health, apprehension regarding environmental impacts specifically with ecotoxicology, environmental
chemistry, behavior, and fate are areas of limelight (Zhu et al. 2008). Nanomaterials
might possibly pose a threat to the environment through directly effecting invertebrates, microorganisms, aquatic organisms and other species, their interaction with
other pollutants might alter into toxic by-products which are more bioavailable,
altering the dynamics of nonliving environmental bodies like the carbon, nitrogen,
phosphorus, and sulfur cycle (Dhawan and Sharma 2010). Thus, understanding this
phenomenon is a decisive phase for the accountable advance of nanotechnology and
to attain full advantage of its applications. As nanotechnology establishes its worth,
questions are being provoked concerning whether the nanoformulations will be hazardous to the environment and to the health of humans as a whole and whether the
processing will generate new hazards when released into waste streams, and agriculture runoffs. Infact, nanomaterials may have significant, unidentified, threats that
might be of threat to the workers in research, industries and laboratory, cleaners
in disposal and waste facilities (Iavicoli et al. 2014) with major areas of exposure
through dermal, respiratory, and gastrointestinal tracts.
In humans, inhalable nanomaterials that have a particle size more than 2.5 μm
have a propensity to deposit in the nose and throat whereas NPs lesser than 2.5 μm
size can locate their way to the upper airways (Alfaro-Moreno et al. 2007). Owing
to their small size, they might possibly pass into the bloodstream through the lungs
and eventually taken up by cells and other organs like liver, spleen, kidney, and
heart (Sturm 2015). Anatase TiO 2 metal oxide when modified to fibrous structure of
greater than 15 μm was toxic enough to initiate an inflammatory response by alveolar
macrophages owing to their non-compatible biocompatibility (Hamilton et al. 2009).
Further, the size, i.e., 1 nm, shape, and charge of nanomaterials are the foremost
feature that facilitates their uptake across the gills or gastrointestinal tract of aquatic
and terrestrial organisms (Batley et al. 2012). Wang and their group reported that
photoactivated cerium-doped TiO 2 induces apoptosis in Bel 7402 human hepatoma
cells (Wang et al. 2007). NPs like ZnO and sunscreen TiO 2 can also induce oxidative
damage to DNA as studied in vitro with human fibroblast cells (Braydich-Stolle et al.
2009; Dunford et al. 1997), demonstrated that 100% anatase NPs, in spite of their
big size, induces necrosis and cell membrane leakage, without the generation of ROS
in contrast to the apoptotic rutile NPs that generate ROS. Thus, it appears that size