Designing Novel Photocatalysts for Disinfection of Multidrug-Resistant …
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and uncontrollable viral duplication result in the introduction of a range of resistant
strains and diligence of infections despite therapy. Likewise the impact could also
be observed in higher group of microorganisms belonging to parasites. Plasmodia,
Leishmania, Entamoeba, Trichomonas vaginalis, schistosomes, and Toxoplasma
gondii were found to have extensive resistance or tolerance against chloroquine,
pyrimethamine, artemisinin, pentavalent antimonials, miltefosine, paromomycin,
and amphotericin B and atovaquone and sulfadiazine (Labro 2012). Malaria and
Amoebiasis parasite Plasmodium falciparum and Entamoeba spp, respectively, along
with schistosomiasis have also been reported to be prone for MDR infections (Tanwar et al. 2014) instigating afore most public health threat in many tropical and
subtropical countries.
Antimicrobial drugs have been used throughout the world for decades. Clinical
surveillance in Africa, America, Eastern mediterranean region, Europe, South-East
Asia, and Western pacific region has revealed that many infectious microorganisms
have evolved over the past few decades and an alarming rise among the antibioticresistant species have been observed. Not only bacteria but almost all the competent
infecting organisms like bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites have employed high
levels of MDR with superior morbidity and mortality and thus got the status of “superbugs” (Nagarajan et al. 2018; Parida et al. 2015). TB, pneumonia, deadly virus like
HIV and influenza, malaria, hepatitis, yeast infections accompanied with other lethal
ailments are the chief causes of deaths in the contemporary times, demonstrating
MDR as a fervent worldwide menace to public health. The likelihoods of regulating
tuberculosis have lessened due to resistance of (Tanwar et al. 2014), occasioning in
substitution of ancient ineffective drugs by novel drugs that radically increased the
health care expenses, worsening the situation of economically challenged citizens.
1.3 Current Scenario of Water and Existing Solutions
for Water Disinfection
Escalating world population, industrialization, and droughts have increased the
demand for clean water sources worldwide. With a climbing demand, innumerable
practical approaches and solutions have been implemented like rainwater harvesting,
increasing catchment volumes, etc. for better yield of freshwater resources (Rahman
et al. 2014). It is anticipated that billions of people worldwide will have scarce access
to sterile water supply, and countless beings will be victimized by severe waterborne
diseases and infections due to improper release of micropollutants and sewage in natural aquatic bodies (Malato et al. 2009). With regards to this deterioration of clean
water and potential shortage, advancements in affordable and highly efficient water
treatment technologies for wastewater treatment (WWT) are desirable. Few smarter
approaches like possible onsite reuse of rural wastewater or the treated municipal
wastewater from WWTPs for agricultural and industrial applications (Bradley et al.
2002; Lapena et al. 1995) have been proposed. Wastewater reuse and recycling are
445
and uncontrollable viral duplication result in the introduction of a range of resistant
strains and diligence of infections despite therapy. Likewise the impact could also
be observed in higher group of microorganisms belonging to parasites. Plasmodia,
Leishmania, Entamoeba, Trichomonas vaginalis, schistosomes, and Toxoplasma
gondii were found to have extensive resistance or tolerance against chloroquine,
pyrimethamine, artemisinin, pentavalent antimonials, miltefosine, paromomycin,
and amphotericin B and atovaquone and sulfadiazine (Labro 2012). Malaria and
Amoebiasis parasite Plasmodium falciparum and Entamoeba spp, respectively, along
with schistosomiasis have also been reported to be prone for MDR infections (Tanwar et al. 2014) instigating afore most public health threat in many tropical and
subtropical countries.
Antimicrobial drugs have been used throughout the world for decades. Clinical
surveillance in Africa, America, Eastern mediterranean region, Europe, South-East
Asia, and Western pacific region has revealed that many infectious microorganisms
have evolved over the past few decades and an alarming rise among the antibioticresistant species have been observed. Not only bacteria but almost all the competent
infecting organisms like bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites have employed high
levels of MDR with superior morbidity and mortality and thus got the status of “superbugs” (Nagarajan et al. 2018; Parida et al. 2015). TB, pneumonia, deadly virus like
HIV and influenza, malaria, hepatitis, yeast infections accompanied with other lethal
ailments are the chief causes of deaths in the contemporary times, demonstrating
MDR as a fervent worldwide menace to public health. The likelihoods of regulating
tuberculosis have lessened due to resistance of (Tanwar et al. 2014), occasioning in
substitution of ancient ineffective drugs by novel drugs that radically increased the
health care expenses, worsening the situation of economically challenged citizens.
1.3 Current Scenario of Water and Existing Solutions
for Water Disinfection
Escalating world population, industrialization, and droughts have increased the
demand for clean water sources worldwide. With a climbing demand, innumerable
practical approaches and solutions have been implemented like rainwater harvesting,
increasing catchment volumes, etc. for better yield of freshwater resources (Rahman
et al. 2014). It is anticipated that billions of people worldwide will have scarce access
to sterile water supply, and countless beings will be victimized by severe waterborne
diseases and infections due to improper release of micropollutants and sewage in natural aquatic bodies (Malato et al. 2009). With regards to this deterioration of clean
water and potential shortage, advancements in affordable and highly efficient water
treatment technologies for wastewater treatment (WWT) are desirable. Few smarter
approaches like possible onsite reuse of rural wastewater or the treated municipal
wastewater from WWTPs for agricultural and industrial applications (Bradley et al.
2002; Lapena et al. 1995) have been proposed. Wastewater reuse and recycling are