434
R. Mankamna Kumari et al.
applied, the super paramagnetic SPIONs show high magnetism and it becomes zero
in the absence of external magnetic field. They give the negative contrast as dark
in appearance by enhancing T 2 /T
*
2 relaxivity of water protons for MRI. Here, the
core of NPs is of SPIONs. (ii) Well developed surface coating and functionality: the
magnetic NPs are coated with targeting ligands such as proteins, peptides, antibodies, polymers, carbohydrates, aptamers, DNA, RNA, oligosaccharides to improve
the target—specific delivery (Yen et al. 2013).
Iron oxide NPs have potential application in the field of neurooncology and other
CNS inflammatory conditions. Ultra small superparamagnetic iron oxide NPs (USPIONs) are utilized in the imaging of central nervous system tumors. The actual mechanism of accumulation of USPIONs in the cells is not known but it is believed that
this might be due to its prolong circulation time and uptake by the inflammatory
cells within and around the tumor. For CNS tumor imaging, the evaluation of low
concentrations of iron oxide NPs transversing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is done
by T 1 weighted scans. But the imaging is also dependent on the MRI acquisition
including the magnetic field strength (Weinstein et al. 2010).
5 Conclusion
Nanomedicine has already laid its strong impact on different areas of diagnostics and
therapeutics as discussed in the aforementioned sections. Though a large number of
nanomedicines have advanced into preclinical and clinical trials, there has been only
20 nanoparticle therapeutics currently in clinical use. However, this shows its ability
to improve the therapeutic index of drugs. Further, other nanomedicines already in
the preclinical phase would come to the market in near future. With persistent and
continues research, nanotechnology would soon have a tremendous impact on health
sector.
References
Acharya S, Sahoo SK (2011) PLGA nanoparticles containing various anticancer agents and tumour
delivery by EPR effect. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 63:170–183
Ahn C-H, Chae SY, Bae YH, Kim SW (2002) Biodegradable poly (ethylenimine) for plasmid DNA
delivery. J Control Release 80:273–282
Ahn J-H et al (2011) Label-free, single protein detection on a near-infrared fluorescent single-walled
carbon nanotube/protein microarray fabricated by cell-free synthesis. Nano Lett 11:2743–2752
Aigner A, Fischer D, Merdan T, Brus C, Kissel T, Czubayko F (2002) Delivery of unmodified bioactive ribozymes by an RNA-stabilizing polyethylenimine (LMW-PEI) efficiently down-regulates
gene expression. Gene Ther 9:1700
Al-Ghananeem AM, Saeed H, Florence R, Yokel RA, Malkawi AH (2010) Intranasal drug delivery of didanosine-loaded chitosan nanoparticles for brain targeting; an attractive route against
infections caused by AIDS viruses. J Drug Target 18:381–388
R. Mankamna Kumari et al.
applied, the super paramagnetic SPIONs show high magnetism and it becomes zero
in the absence of external magnetic field. They give the negative contrast as dark
in appearance by enhancing T 2 /T
*
2 relaxivity of water protons for MRI. Here, the
core of NPs is of SPIONs. (ii) Well developed surface coating and functionality: the
magnetic NPs are coated with targeting ligands such as proteins, peptides, antibodies, polymers, carbohydrates, aptamers, DNA, RNA, oligosaccharides to improve
the target—specific delivery (Yen et al. 2013).
Iron oxide NPs have potential application in the field of neurooncology and other
CNS inflammatory conditions. Ultra small superparamagnetic iron oxide NPs (USPIONs) are utilized in the imaging of central nervous system tumors. The actual mechanism of accumulation of USPIONs in the cells is not known but it is believed that
this might be due to its prolong circulation time and uptake by the inflammatory
cells within and around the tumor. For CNS tumor imaging, the evaluation of low
concentrations of iron oxide NPs transversing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is done
by T 1 weighted scans. But the imaging is also dependent on the MRI acquisition
including the magnetic field strength (Weinstein et al. 2010).
5 Conclusion
Nanomedicine has already laid its strong impact on different areas of diagnostics and
therapeutics as discussed in the aforementioned sections. Though a large number of
nanomedicines have advanced into preclinical and clinical trials, there has been only
20 nanoparticle therapeutics currently in clinical use. However, this shows its ability
to improve the therapeutic index of drugs. Further, other nanomedicines already in
the preclinical phase would come to the market in near future. With persistent and
continues research, nanotechnology would soon have a tremendous impact on health
sector.
References
Acharya S, Sahoo SK (2011) PLGA nanoparticles containing various anticancer agents and tumour
delivery by EPR effect. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 63:170–183
Ahn C-H, Chae SY, Bae YH, Kim SW (2002) Biodegradable poly (ethylenimine) for plasmid DNA
delivery. J Control Release 80:273–282
Ahn J-H et al (2011) Label-free, single protein detection on a near-infrared fluorescent single-walled
carbon nanotube/protein microarray fabricated by cell-free synthesis. Nano Lett 11:2743–2752
Aigner A, Fischer D, Merdan T, Brus C, Kissel T, Czubayko F (2002) Delivery of unmodified bioactive ribozymes by an RNA-stabilizing polyethylenimine (LMW-PEI) efficiently down-regulates
gene expression. Gene Ther 9:1700
Al-Ghananeem AM, Saeed H, Florence R, Yokel RA, Malkawi AH (2010) Intranasal drug delivery of didanosine-loaded chitosan nanoparticles for brain targeting; an attractive route against
infections caused by AIDS viruses. J Drug Target 18:381–388