Application of Nanotechnology in Diagnosis and Therapeutics
433
uptake studies can be modulated by size, shape, and surface functionalization. The
multicolor quantum dots are efficient in stem cell bio imaging. QD-based FRET
probes are developed that includes QDs-conjugated hybridization probes for preliminary screening of siRNA sequences. The unique photophysical properties of QDs
are used in ultra-sensitive nanosensors (single QDs) (Onoshima et al. 2015).
Quantum dots have very high efficiency for sensitive detection of cancer biomarkers such as breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and prostate cancer. The two tumor biomarkers, alpha-fetoprotein, carcinoembryonic antigen in human serum, were detected by
Quantum dot-based nanosensors. Nucleic acids are effective tumor markers. QDs
show very useful detection of nucleic acids, especially in a multiplexed format.
The target sequences can be detected simultaneously by using FRET assay that
uses immobilized QDs as donors. A single quantum dot-based nanosensors have
been developed for specific miRNA detection. There are various ways for miRNA
detection, but there are problems such as low sensitivity and less specificity. SingleQD-based nanosensor was fabricated to overcome these problems. They have been
utilized as imaging probes, especially in cancer research for the recognition of the
special cell types and tissues in the clinical settings. QD probes such as ABC tri-block
copolymer coated QDs have been developed for imaging prostrate cancer. Glioma
cells can be detected by using QDs nanoprobes. These cells overexpress extracellular
matrix glycoproteins, tenascin-C. Tenascin-C have the key role in tissue remodeling and invasion of glioblastoma into surrounding brain tissue. A single-stranded
aptamer for targeting QDs to tenascin-C (Onoshima et al. 2015).
The prominent fluorescence properties of QDs are used in Fluorescent imaging (FI) helps in detecting the transplanted stem cells in vivo. This provides higher
sensitivity in comparison to other imaging modalities. Thus, “stem cell labeling
technology using QDs” and “in vivo fluorescent imaging technology for visualizing transplanted stem cells labeled with QDs” are vitally used for analyzing the
transplanted stem cells (Onoshima et al. 2015).
4.5 Iron Oxide NPS
In recent years, the medicine and biology have progressed a lot in pharmaceutical
domain. Metal NPs have advanced application in biomedical field. Iron NPs have
most developed applications in resonance imaging and biosensors. The super paramagnetic iron oxides (SPIONs) have been extensively used in the cancer imaging
and therapy. They have immense qualities and controllable properties such as size,
shape, magnetism, crystallinity, and flexibility. The multifunctional SPIONs with
fluorescence are used for targeting ligands, drugs, etc.
MRI is most widely used medical diagnostic techniques. It is difficult to differentiate between normal and abnormal tissues, therefore some specific exogenous
contrast agents are required to increase the contrast and obtain higher resolution and
sensitivity. SPIONs are the best contrasting agent used in the MR imaging techniques.
They work as MR imaging probes by (i) Magnetism: when external magnetic field is
433
uptake studies can be modulated by size, shape, and surface functionalization. The
multicolor quantum dots are efficient in stem cell bio imaging. QD-based FRET
probes are developed that includes QDs-conjugated hybridization probes for preliminary screening of siRNA sequences. The unique photophysical properties of QDs
are used in ultra-sensitive nanosensors (single QDs) (Onoshima et al. 2015).
Quantum dots have very high efficiency for sensitive detection of cancer biomarkers such as breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and prostate cancer. The two tumor biomarkers, alpha-fetoprotein, carcinoembryonic antigen in human serum, were detected by
Quantum dot-based nanosensors. Nucleic acids are effective tumor markers. QDs
show very useful detection of nucleic acids, especially in a multiplexed format.
The target sequences can be detected simultaneously by using FRET assay that
uses immobilized QDs as donors. A single quantum dot-based nanosensors have
been developed for specific miRNA detection. There are various ways for miRNA
detection, but there are problems such as low sensitivity and less specificity. SingleQD-based nanosensor was fabricated to overcome these problems. They have been
utilized as imaging probes, especially in cancer research for the recognition of the
special cell types and tissues in the clinical settings. QD probes such as ABC tri-block
copolymer coated QDs have been developed for imaging prostrate cancer. Glioma
cells can be detected by using QDs nanoprobes. These cells overexpress extracellular
matrix glycoproteins, tenascin-C. Tenascin-C have the key role in tissue remodeling and invasion of glioblastoma into surrounding brain tissue. A single-stranded
aptamer for targeting QDs to tenascin-C (Onoshima et al. 2015).
The prominent fluorescence properties of QDs are used in Fluorescent imaging (FI) helps in detecting the transplanted stem cells in vivo. This provides higher
sensitivity in comparison to other imaging modalities. Thus, “stem cell labeling
technology using QDs” and “in vivo fluorescent imaging technology for visualizing transplanted stem cells labeled with QDs” are vitally used for analyzing the
transplanted stem cells (Onoshima et al. 2015).
4.5 Iron Oxide NPS
In recent years, the medicine and biology have progressed a lot in pharmaceutical
domain. Metal NPs have advanced application in biomedical field. Iron NPs have
most developed applications in resonance imaging and biosensors. The super paramagnetic iron oxides (SPIONs) have been extensively used in the cancer imaging
and therapy. They have immense qualities and controllable properties such as size,
shape, magnetism, crystallinity, and flexibility. The multifunctional SPIONs with
fluorescence are used for targeting ligands, drugs, etc.
MRI is most widely used medical diagnostic techniques. It is difficult to differentiate between normal and abnormal tissues, therefore some specific exogenous
contrast agents are required to increase the contrast and obtain higher resolution and
sensitivity. SPIONs are the best contrasting agent used in the MR imaging techniques.
They work as MR imaging probes by (i) Magnetism: when external magnetic field is