Optimization of MAPbI 3 Film Using Response …
405
Table 5 Adequacy of the model tested
Sequential model sum of squares
Source
SS
MS
f-value
p-value
Remark
Mean
624.5
624.54
2FI
0.048
0.0161
0.008
0.9988
Quadratic
18.31
6.1035
3051.7
<0.0001
Suggested
Cubic
0.011
0.0038
5.846
0.0605
Aliased
Residual
0.002
0.0006
Total
654.1
38.480
Model summary statistics
Source
R 2
Adj. R 2
Pred.R 2
PRESS
Remark
2FI
0.3816
0.0105
−1.070
61.35
Quadratic
0.9995
0.9989
0.993
0.18
Suggested
Cubic
0.9999
0.9996
+
Aliased
SS: sum of square; MS: mean square
Note +, Case(s) with leverage of 1.0000: PRESS statistic not defined
3.2.2 Second-Order Polynomial Model Building and Statistical
Analysis
The last quadratic model got from exploratory information for device efficiency in
coded form is appeared in Eq. 1. The ANOVA and f-test of the model represented
by Eq. 1 is appeared in Table 6.
From Table 6, plainly the p-value of the quadratic model is under 0.0001. Therefore, the model represented by Eq. 1 is highly significant. The significance of the
model is also confirmed by the f-value (1645.34). The f-value of the lack of fit is
5.85 which show the non-significance of lack of fit. Nonsignificant lack of fit of the
model depicts that the model condition was adequate for foreseeing the efficiency
of PSC. The effects of the film (MAPbI 3 ) deposition parameters on efficiency were
investigated. According to Table 6, X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X
2
1 , X
2
2 , X
2
3 , X 1 X 3 , and X 2 X 3 are significant models for the efficiency of PSC. The experimental data and predicted data
of the PCE of PSC are correlated and it is observed that they are in good agreement
with each other as can be seen in Fig. 9.
Efficiency (%) = 7.34 − 0.53X 1 − 0.28X 2 + 1.03X 3 − 1.62X 2
1 − 1.22X 2
2 + 0.13X 2
3 − 0.005X 1 X 2
+ 0.055X 1 X 3 + 0.095X 2 X 3
(1)
405
Table 5 Adequacy of the model tested
Sequential model sum of squares
Source
SS
MS
f-value
p-value
Remark
Mean
624.5
624.54
2FI
0.048
0.0161
0.008
0.9988
Quadratic
18.31
6.1035
3051.7
<0.0001
Suggested
Cubic
0.011
0.0038
5.846
0.0605
Aliased
Residual
0.002
0.0006
Total
654.1
38.480
Model summary statistics
Source
R 2
Adj. R 2
Pred.R 2
PRESS
Remark
2FI
0.3816
0.0105
−1.070
61.35
Quadratic
0.9995
0.9989
0.993
0.18
Suggested
Cubic
0.9999
0.9996
+
Aliased
SS: sum of square; MS: mean square
Note +, Case(s) with leverage of 1.0000: PRESS statistic not defined
3.2.2 Second-Order Polynomial Model Building and Statistical
Analysis
The last quadratic model got from exploratory information for device efficiency in
coded form is appeared in Eq. 1. The ANOVA and f-test of the model represented
by Eq. 1 is appeared in Table 6.
From Table 6, plainly the p-value of the quadratic model is under 0.0001. Therefore, the model represented by Eq. 1 is highly significant. The significance of the
model is also confirmed by the f-value (1645.34). The f-value of the lack of fit is
5.85 which show the non-significance of lack of fit. Nonsignificant lack of fit of the
model depicts that the model condition was adequate for foreseeing the efficiency
of PSC. The effects of the film (MAPbI 3 ) deposition parameters on efficiency were
investigated. According to Table 6, X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X
2
1 , X
2
2 , X
2
3 , X 1 X 3 , and X 2 X 3 are significant models for the efficiency of PSC. The experimental data and predicted data
of the PCE of PSC are correlated and it is observed that they are in good agreement
with each other as can be seen in Fig. 9.
Efficiency (%) = 7.34 − 0.53X 1 − 0.28X 2 + 1.03X 3 − 1.62X 2
1 − 1.22X 2
2 + 0.13X 2
3 − 0.005X 1 X 2
+ 0.055X 1 X 3 + 0.095X 2 X 3
(1)