316
U. S. Behera and J. S. Sangwai
function of temperature. An experimental result for viscosity of injected fluid in
the presence of SiO 2 nanoparticles (14 nm) at 26 °C was reported as 1.28 cp in
brine medium. However, in the absence of nanoparticles at the same temperature
in brine medium was observed as 0.94 cp (Ali et al. 2014). SiO 2 nanoparticles
have comparatively good impact in reducing the viscosity of crude oil at different
temperatures than other nanoparticles used during investigation of EOR. In presence
of silica nanoparticles during polymer flooding, the oil recovery enhances up to 20%
than only polymer flooding. The size of the nanoparticles taken in this investigation
was between 11 and 13 nm (Yousefvand and Jafari 2015). It has been noticed that
the oil recovery percentage was increased due to the increase in viscosity of the
injected fluid. Increased in the viscosity of injected fluid accelerate oil displacement
and hence consequently oil recovery. This modification in the properties of injected
fluid might lead to higher amount of oil recovery (Yousefvand and Jafari 2015).
Sharma and Sangwai (2017) performed number of experiments to investigate the
rheological properties of different nanofluids at room temperature (25 °C). Different
types of nanofluids were prepared by varying the concentration of SiO 2 nanoparticles
in the base fluid, i.e., deionized water containing polymer, polyacrylamide. Compositional details and the nomenclature of various nanofluids they have used during
the investigation are listed in Table 2. Their investigation also includes the effects of
temperature on the viscosity of various nanofluids and is presented in Table 3.
From Table 2, it has been observed that with increase in the concentration of SiO 2
NPs in the base fluid (deionized water with polymer), viscosity increases (For NP
and NSP nanofluid). A plot of viscosity versus concentration of nanoparticles has
been drawn to better understand the relation between viscosity and concentration of
nanoparticles (Fig. 10a). The reason for increase in the viscosity of nanofluids may
be due to the better dispersion of polymer molecules in the presence of nanoparticles.
However, size of the nanoparticles plays an important role for enhancement of viscosity of the nanofluids. Increase in the viscosity of injected fluid during EOR may
Table 2 Compositional details and nomenclature of various nanofluids (Sharma and Sangwai 2017)
Nanofluid
SiO 2 (wt%) SDS (cmc
wt%)
PAM (PPM) Temperature
(°C)
Viscosity
(Pa.s)
NPs
0.5
0
1000
25
1.77
+Polymer
(NP)
1.0
3.49
1.5
3.99
2.0
4.24
NPs+
0.5
0.14
1000
25
1.31
Surfactant+
1.0
3.04
Polymer
(NSP)
1.5
3.26
2.0
3.58
U. S. Behera and J. S. Sangwai
function of temperature. An experimental result for viscosity of injected fluid in
the presence of SiO 2 nanoparticles (14 nm) at 26 °C was reported as 1.28 cp in
brine medium. However, in the absence of nanoparticles at the same temperature
in brine medium was observed as 0.94 cp (Ali et al. 2014). SiO 2 nanoparticles
have comparatively good impact in reducing the viscosity of crude oil at different
temperatures than other nanoparticles used during investigation of EOR. In presence
of silica nanoparticles during polymer flooding, the oil recovery enhances up to 20%
than only polymer flooding. The size of the nanoparticles taken in this investigation
was between 11 and 13 nm (Yousefvand and Jafari 2015). It has been noticed that
the oil recovery percentage was increased due to the increase in viscosity of the
injected fluid. Increased in the viscosity of injected fluid accelerate oil displacement
and hence consequently oil recovery. This modification in the properties of injected
fluid might lead to higher amount of oil recovery (Yousefvand and Jafari 2015).
Sharma and Sangwai (2017) performed number of experiments to investigate the
rheological properties of different nanofluids at room temperature (25 °C). Different
types of nanofluids were prepared by varying the concentration of SiO 2 nanoparticles
in the base fluid, i.e., deionized water containing polymer, polyacrylamide. Compositional details and the nomenclature of various nanofluids they have used during
the investigation are listed in Table 2. Their investigation also includes the effects of
temperature on the viscosity of various nanofluids and is presented in Table 3.
From Table 2, it has been observed that with increase in the concentration of SiO 2
NPs in the base fluid (deionized water with polymer), viscosity increases (For NP
and NSP nanofluid). A plot of viscosity versus concentration of nanoparticles has
been drawn to better understand the relation between viscosity and concentration of
nanoparticles (Fig. 10a). The reason for increase in the viscosity of nanofluids may
be due to the better dispersion of polymer molecules in the presence of nanoparticles.
However, size of the nanoparticles plays an important role for enhancement of viscosity of the nanofluids. Increase in the viscosity of injected fluid during EOR may
Table 2 Compositional details and nomenclature of various nanofluids (Sharma and Sangwai 2017)
Nanofluid
SiO 2 (wt%) SDS (cmc
wt%)
PAM (PPM) Temperature
(°C)
Viscosity
(Pa.s)
NPs
0.5
0
1000
25
1.77
+Polymer
(NP)
1.0
3.49
1.5
3.99
2.0
4.24
NPs+
0.5
0.14
1000
25
1.31
Surfactant+
1.0
3.04
Polymer
(NSP)
1.5
3.26
2.0
3.58