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J. Prakash et al.
carbides (SiC), nitrides (SiN), or nonmetals (graphite, carbon nanotubes, nanofibers,
nanosheets, droplets). The resulting suspension achieves improved thermal conductivity and modified viscosity properties. The surface area per unit volume of nanoparticles is much larger (millions of times) than that of conventional microparticles. The
number of surface atoms per unit of interior atoms of nanoparticles is very large.
These characteristics can be exploited in many complex systems including medical
engineering, energy engineering, and materials processing. Nanofluids have infiltrated into many areas of energy and also biomedical technology as they may be
manipulated to yield more biologically friendly, sustainable, and durable products.
The word “nanofluid” was given by Choi and Eastman (1995). He analyzed that
nanofluids reduced pumping power as compared to pure liquid to reach equivalent
heat transfer amplification and particle clogging as compared to conventional slurries, consequently promoting system miniaturization. Khanafer and Vafai (2018)
presented a lucid summary of solar nanofluid device applications, emphasizing that
efficiency of any solar thermal system is dictated by thermophysical properties (viscosity, density, thermal conductivity, and specific heat) of the operating fluid and
the geometric characteristics. Critical features of nanofluids for improving solar
collector and pump efficiency are types of the nanoparticles (metallic-based work
best e.g., copper, silver, and titanium), nanoparticles volumetric concentration in the
base fluid, and the nanofluid viscosity and conductivity. The inclusion of copper
nanoparticles considerably elevates the heat gain capacity of a solar pump. Carbon
nanotube nanofluids not only improve the efficiency of solar collectors but have the
added advantage of decreasing CO 2 emissions. It should also be noted that there
are a diverse range of mathematical models available for simulating nanofluid transport phenomena which have also been addressed in Khanafer and Vafai (2018).
These include two-component model (Buongiorno 2006) which emphasizes thermophoretic forces and Brownian motion dynamics as the key contributors to thermal conductivity enhancement. The other popular model is of Tiwari and Das (2007)
which simulates the nanoscale effect based on volume fraction (concentration) of the
nanoparticles.
A smart pumping technology is being used in transporting the fluids in small and
large scale. This technology is very popular nowadays for pumping the fluids with low
energy loss and without any contamination. This mechanism was observed in natural
physiological systems and it is largely implemented in the industry for pumping
process. One of the applications of nanofluid mechanics is also in drug delivery
system (Tripathi and Bég 2014). The thermal radiation effects on peristaltic pumping
of nanofluids are also examined by Kothandapani and Prakash (2015a, b). They have
discussed the applicability of their models to solar energy systems. In transport
phenomena, thermal and velocity slip effects play an important role and considering
the importance of slip effects. This model is also reported by Akbar et al. (2016).
Another model for the drug delivery system to see the effects of thermophoresis and
Brownian motion effects is developed by Ghasemi (2017). Most recently, some novel
mathematical models (Mekheimer et al. 2018; Mosayebidorcheh and Hatami 2018a,
b; Prakash et al. 2019) for peristaltic pumping of nanofluids evolved to analyze the
J. Prakash et al.
carbides (SiC), nitrides (SiN), or nonmetals (graphite, carbon nanotubes, nanofibers,
nanosheets, droplets). The resulting suspension achieves improved thermal conductivity and modified viscosity properties. The surface area per unit volume of nanoparticles is much larger (millions of times) than that of conventional microparticles. The
number of surface atoms per unit of interior atoms of nanoparticles is very large.
These characteristics can be exploited in many complex systems including medical
engineering, energy engineering, and materials processing. Nanofluids have infiltrated into many areas of energy and also biomedical technology as they may be
manipulated to yield more biologically friendly, sustainable, and durable products.
The word “nanofluid” was given by Choi and Eastman (1995). He analyzed that
nanofluids reduced pumping power as compared to pure liquid to reach equivalent
heat transfer amplification and particle clogging as compared to conventional slurries, consequently promoting system miniaturization. Khanafer and Vafai (2018)
presented a lucid summary of solar nanofluid device applications, emphasizing that
efficiency of any solar thermal system is dictated by thermophysical properties (viscosity, density, thermal conductivity, and specific heat) of the operating fluid and
the geometric characteristics. Critical features of nanofluids for improving solar
collector and pump efficiency are types of the nanoparticles (metallic-based work
best e.g., copper, silver, and titanium), nanoparticles volumetric concentration in the
base fluid, and the nanofluid viscosity and conductivity. The inclusion of copper
nanoparticles considerably elevates the heat gain capacity of a solar pump. Carbon
nanotube nanofluids not only improve the efficiency of solar collectors but have the
added advantage of decreasing CO 2 emissions. It should also be noted that there
are a diverse range of mathematical models available for simulating nanofluid transport phenomena which have also been addressed in Khanafer and Vafai (2018).
These include two-component model (Buongiorno 2006) which emphasizes thermophoretic forces and Brownian motion dynamics as the key contributors to thermal conductivity enhancement. The other popular model is of Tiwari and Das (2007)
which simulates the nanoscale effect based on volume fraction (concentration) of the
nanoparticles.
A smart pumping technology is being used in transporting the fluids in small and
large scale. This technology is very popular nowadays for pumping the fluids with low
energy loss and without any contamination. This mechanism was observed in natural
physiological systems and it is largely implemented in the industry for pumping
process. One of the applications of nanofluid mechanics is also in drug delivery
system (Tripathi and Bég 2014). The thermal radiation effects on peristaltic pumping
of nanofluids are also examined by Kothandapani and Prakash (2015a, b). They have
discussed the applicability of their models to solar energy systems. In transport
phenomena, thermal and velocity slip effects play an important role and considering
the importance of slip effects. This model is also reported by Akbar et al. (2016).
Another model for the drug delivery system to see the effects of thermophoresis and
Brownian motion effects is developed by Ghasemi (2017). Most recently, some novel
mathematical models (Mekheimer et al. 2018; Mosayebidorcheh and Hatami 2018a,
b; Prakash et al. 2019) for peristaltic pumping of nanofluids evolved to analyze the