A Model for Electro-osmotic Flow of Pseudoplastic Nanofluids …
187
U hs
Helmholtz–Smoluchowski velocity
V
velocity vector
z
valence of ions
Greek Symbols
φ
phase difference
κ
thermal conductivity
ϒ
Cauchy stress tensor
μ
dynamic viscosity
λ 1 and μ 1
relaxation times
¯
electric potential
ε
dielectric permittivity of the medium
κ
Debye length
ρ f
density of the nanofluid
g
acceleration due to gravity
β t
thermal expansion coefficient
ρ p
density of the nanoparticle
σ
Stefan–Boltzmann constant
δ
wave number
β
Joule heating parameter
ξ
pseuoplastic fluid parameter
dimensionless time average flux
σ
dimensionless rescaled nanoparticle volume fraction
θ
dimensionless temperature
ψ
stream function
Recent trends in engineering design strongly gravitated toward energy-inspired
designs. Energy systems have perfected many intricate mechanisms which can be
applied to upgrade conventional engineering systems to a new level of performance
and endurance. Nanofluids have been proven useful in this context.
1 Nanofluid Mechanics in Energy Management
Nanofluid mechanics is one of the modern mechanics of the energy systems where the
thermal conductivity of the base fluids can easily be enhanced by using the nanoparticles. Nanofluids are the moderately new category of fluids in which nano-sized
particles (1–100 nm) are suspended in the base fluid (like water, oil, ethylene-glycol,
etc.). These particles can be found in the metals such as (Al, Cu), oxides (Al 2 O 2 ),
187
U hs
Helmholtz–Smoluchowski velocity
V
velocity vector
z
valence of ions
Greek Symbols
φ
phase difference
κ
thermal conductivity
ϒ
Cauchy stress tensor
μ
dynamic viscosity
λ 1 and μ 1
relaxation times
¯
electric potential
ε
dielectric permittivity of the medium
κ
Debye length
ρ f
density of the nanofluid
g
acceleration due to gravity
β t
thermal expansion coefficient
ρ p
density of the nanoparticle
σ
Stefan–Boltzmann constant
δ
wave number
β
Joule heating parameter
ξ
pseuoplastic fluid parameter
dimensionless time average flux
σ
dimensionless rescaled nanoparticle volume fraction
θ
dimensionless temperature
ψ
stream function
Recent trends in engineering design strongly gravitated toward energy-inspired
designs. Energy systems have perfected many intricate mechanisms which can be
applied to upgrade conventional engineering systems to a new level of performance
and endurance. Nanofluids have been proven useful in this context.
1 Nanofluid Mechanics in Energy Management
Nanofluid mechanics is one of the modern mechanics of the energy systems where the
thermal conductivity of the base fluids can easily be enhanced by using the nanoparticles. Nanofluids are the moderately new category of fluids in which nano-sized
particles (1–100 nm) are suspended in the base fluid (like water, oil, ethylene-glycol,
etc.). These particles can be found in the metals such as (Al, Cu), oxides (Al 2 O 2 ),