5.3. Applications of directed networks
59
(a) Directed embedding
(b) Zoomed into the main region of the directed embedding
Figure 5.9: Network embeddings for the 6th component of the Panama Papers social
network with directed edges. The out versions of each node are indicated by circles,
the in versions by triangles, and layer nodes that are not connected in the graph are
omitted.
The 2nd-largest connected component connects 1599 nodes, the next 1295, and
so on. All of these components show one of a small set of connection patterns: a directed star with an intermediary at the center, or patterns connecting an intermediary
and a set of officers in a few slightly different ways.
We begin with the 6th component, which exhibits the structure indicated in
Figure 5.7. A single intermediary, Sociata Europenne de Banque in Luxemburg, sets
up 139 shell companies in the British Virgin Islands (for example, Jeddi Industries).
These shell companies are owned by 449 different owners, most being owned by 2
officers, almost all of whom are “bearer”.
Figures 5.9 and 5.10 show the embeddings based on the social network with
directed edges (using our new embedding), and the corresponding embeddings with
59
(a) Directed embedding
(b) Zoomed into the main region of the directed embedding
Figure 5.9: Network embeddings for the 6th component of the Panama Papers social
network with directed edges. The out versions of each node are indicated by circles,
the in versions by triangles, and layer nodes that are not connected in the graph are
omitted.
The 2nd-largest connected component connects 1599 nodes, the next 1295, and
so on. All of these components show one of a small set of connection patterns: a directed star with an intermediary at the center, or patterns connecting an intermediary
and a set of officers in a few slightly different ways.
We begin with the 6th component, which exhibits the structure indicated in
Figure 5.7. A single intermediary, Sociata Europenne de Banque in Luxemburg, sets
up 139 shell companies in the British Virgin Islands (for example, Jeddi Industries).
These shell companies are owned by 449 different owners, most being owned by 2
officers, almost all of whom are “bearer”.
Figures 5.9 and 5.10 show the embeddings based on the social network with
directed edges (using our new embedding), and the corresponding embeddings with