5.3. Applications of directed networks
57
Names in-out
av
Din Dout Names
in-out av Din Dout
V1
2
77
8
8
V2
92
80
13
15
V3
13
97
14
14
V3A
14
72
12
13
V4
17
189
20
20
V4t
32
77
8
9
VOT
4
139
5
5
VP
15
104 13
14
MT
13
88
16
16
MSTd/p
61
126 16
17
MSTl
17
101
11
8
PO
26
86
15
13
LIP
82
168
18
20
PIP
83
78
8
8
VIP
69
225
20
20
DP
24
95
10
10
7a
179
190
14
10
FST
111
142 18
17
PITd
28
152
5
8
PITv
181
162 11
9
CITd
26
121
3
6
CITv
7
118
8
8
AITd
91
141
9
5
AITv
38
119
7
5
STPp
17
178
10
10
STPa
25
115
4
5
TF
493
212
12
17
TH
128
150
9
12
FEF
432
158
18
20
46
566
225 16
20
3a
13
123
6
6
3b
6
114
4
4
1
71
123
7
8
2
126
130 10
10
5
192
158
10
10
Ri
5
237
4
4
SII
245
271
13
10
7b
206
223 12
10
4
319
132
9
8
6
21
148 10
10
SMA
13
149
8
8
Ig
170
321
6
5
Id
108
280
3
4
35
480
292
4
2
36
773
336
6
2
Means 125.2 156.0 10.3 10.3 Std
173.0 67.4 4.7
5.2
Table 5.2: Normalized edge lengths for Macaque monkey visuotactile brain
(×10000) and degrees
Panama papers
The Panama Papers are a set of documents leaked from a Panamanian law firm,
Mossack Fonseca, detailing the setting up of a large number of shell companies for
the purpose of tax avoidance (but also conceivably tax evasion, money laundering,
and terrorist financing).
The files can be downloaded from: cloudfront-files-1.publicinte grity.org/off
shoreleaks/data-csv.zip.
Figure 5.7 shows the basic structure of tax avoidance using a shell company.
An individual with assets arranges with an intermediary to set up a shell company,
and to give it assets. The apparent owners of the shell company now own these assets
on behalf of the individual. Often these owners are simply “bearer” so that anyone
who can authenticate himself or herself can remove assets from the shell company.
57
Names in-out
av
Din Dout Names
in-out av Din Dout
V1
2
77
8
8
V2
92
80
13
15
V3
13
97
14
14
V3A
14
72
12
13
V4
17
189
20
20
V4t
32
77
8
9
VOT
4
139
5
5
VP
15
104 13
14
MT
13
88
16
16
MSTd/p
61
126 16
17
MSTl
17
101
11
8
PO
26
86
15
13
LIP
82
168
18
20
PIP
83
78
8
8
VIP
69
225
20
20
DP
24
95
10
10
7a
179
190
14
10
FST
111
142 18
17
PITd
28
152
5
8
PITv
181
162 11
9
CITd
26
121
3
6
CITv
7
118
8
8
AITd
91
141
9
5
AITv
38
119
7
5
STPp
17
178
10
10
STPa
25
115
4
5
TF
493
212
12
17
TH
128
150
9
12
FEF
432
158
18
20
46
566
225 16
20
3a
13
123
6
6
3b
6
114
4
4
1
71
123
7
8
2
126
130 10
10
5
192
158
10
10
Ri
5
237
4
4
SII
245
271
13
10
7b
206
223 12
10
4
319
132
9
8
6
21
148 10
10
SMA
13
149
8
8
Ig
170
321
6
5
Id
108
280
3
4
35
480
292
4
2
36
773
336
6
2
Means 125.2 156.0 10.3 10.3 Std
173.0 67.4 4.7
5.2
Table 5.2: Normalized edge lengths for Macaque monkey visuotactile brain
(×10000) and degrees
Panama papers
The Panama Papers are a set of documents leaked from a Panamanian law firm,
Mossack Fonseca, detailing the setting up of a large number of shell companies for
the purpose of tax avoidance (but also conceivably tax evasion, money laundering,
and terrorist financing).
The files can be downloaded from: cloudfront-files-1.publicinte grity.org/off
shoreleaks/data-csv.zip.
Figure 5.7 shows the basic structure of tax avoidance using a shell company.
An individual with assets arranges with an intermediary to set up a shell company,
and to give it assets. The apparent owners of the shell company now own these assets
on behalf of the individual. Often these owners are simply “bearer” so that anyone
who can authenticate himself or herself can remove assets from the shell company.