196
Republic is concentrated mainly in natural habitats and their area and value have
been continuously decreasing in favour of ruderalized habitats, mostly due to
increasing pressure from landscape exploitation and a strong climate change impact.
The persistence of natural and near-natural habitats was found to be quite low.
It is not possible to stop biodiversity loss under the present socio-economic conditions. Therefore, nature protection has a very difficult position. Among many general reasons, two could be mentioned: (1) man is protecting nature against himself
and (2) only the stronger can protect the weaker (the problem up to now persisting
in some developing countries).
Application of the proposed IUCN “new wilderness concept” is one possibility
how to mitigate biodiversity loss (Casson et al. 2016). This concept is based on
delimitation of large-scale areas (if possible) that have remained relatively undisturbed or abandoned, where ecological processes can function without human intervention at least in the future.
References
Adger WN (2006) Vulnerability. Glob Environ Change 16:268–281
Casson SA, Martin VG, Watson A, Stringer A, Kormos CF, Locke H, Ghosh S, Carver S, McDonald
T, Sloan SS, Merculieff I, Hendee J, Dawson C, Moore S, Newsome D, McCool S, Semler R,
Martin S, Dvorak R, Armatas C, Swain R, Barr B, Krause D, Whittington-Evans N, Gilbert
T, Hamilton L, Holtrop J, Tricker J, Landres P, Mejicano E, Gilbert T, Mackey B, Aykroyd
T, Zimmerman B, Thomas J (2016) Wilderness protected areas: management guidelines for
IUCN category 1b protected areas. IUCN, Gland, p 92
Chapin FS 3rd, Zavaleta ES, Eviner VT, Naylor RL, Vitousek PM, Reynolds HL, Hooper DU,
Lavorel S, Sala OE, Hobbie SE, Mack MC, Díaz S (2000) Consequences of changing biodiversity. Nature 405:234–242
Copeland JH, Pielke RA, Kittel TGF (1996) Potential climatic impacts of vegetation change: a
regional modeling study. J Geophys Res 101:7409–7418
Cousins SAO, Lindborg R, Mattsson S (2009) Land use history and site location are more important for grassland species richness than local soil properties. Int J Bot Mycol 27:483–489
Cudlín P, Prokopová M, Francírková T, Burešová R, Smrž T, Boucníková E (2005) System
NATURA 2000 utilization for purposes of biotope valuation. Ekológia 24:52–68
Dawson TP, Jackson ST, House JI, Prentice IC, Mace GM (2011) Beyond predictions: biodiversity
conservation in a changing climate. Science 332:53–58
Dudley N (ed) (2013) Guidelines for applying protected area management categories. IUCN, Gland
Duffy JE (2002) Biodiversity and ecosystem function: the consumer connection. Oikos 99:201–219
Erisman JW, Galloway JN, Dice NB, Sutton MA, Bleeker A, Grizzetti B, Leach AM, de Vries W
(2015) Nitrogen: too much of a vital resource. Science Brief. WWF Netherlands, Zeist
Falcucci A, Maiorano L, Boitani L (2007) Changes in land-use/land-cover patterns in Italy and
their implications for biodiversity conservation. Landscape Ecol 22:617–631. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s10980-006-9056-4
Fischer J, Lindenmayer DB (2006) Beyond fragmentation: the continuum model for fauna research
and conservation in human-modified landscapes. Oikos 112:473–480
Folke C (2006) Resilience: the emergence of a perspective for social-ecological systems analyses.
Glob Environ Change 16:253–267
P. Cudlín et al.
Republic is concentrated mainly in natural habitats and their area and value have
been continuously decreasing in favour of ruderalized habitats, mostly due to
increasing pressure from landscape exploitation and a strong climate change impact.
The persistence of natural and near-natural habitats was found to be quite low.
It is not possible to stop biodiversity loss under the present socio-economic conditions. Therefore, nature protection has a very difficult position. Among many general reasons, two could be mentioned: (1) man is protecting nature against himself
and (2) only the stronger can protect the weaker (the problem up to now persisting
in some developing countries).
Application of the proposed IUCN “new wilderness concept” is one possibility
how to mitigate biodiversity loss (Casson et al. 2016). This concept is based on
delimitation of large-scale areas (if possible) that have remained relatively undisturbed or abandoned, where ecological processes can function without human intervention at least in the future.
References
Adger WN (2006) Vulnerability. Glob Environ Change 16:268–281
Casson SA, Martin VG, Watson A, Stringer A, Kormos CF, Locke H, Ghosh S, Carver S, McDonald
T, Sloan SS, Merculieff I, Hendee J, Dawson C, Moore S, Newsome D, McCool S, Semler R,
Martin S, Dvorak R, Armatas C, Swain R, Barr B, Krause D, Whittington-Evans N, Gilbert
T, Hamilton L, Holtrop J, Tricker J, Landres P, Mejicano E, Gilbert T, Mackey B, Aykroyd
T, Zimmerman B, Thomas J (2016) Wilderness protected areas: management guidelines for
IUCN category 1b protected areas. IUCN, Gland, p 92
Chapin FS 3rd, Zavaleta ES, Eviner VT, Naylor RL, Vitousek PM, Reynolds HL, Hooper DU,
Lavorel S, Sala OE, Hobbie SE, Mack MC, Díaz S (2000) Consequences of changing biodiversity. Nature 405:234–242
Copeland JH, Pielke RA, Kittel TGF (1996) Potential climatic impacts of vegetation change: a
regional modeling study. J Geophys Res 101:7409–7418
Cousins SAO, Lindborg R, Mattsson S (2009) Land use history and site location are more important for grassland species richness than local soil properties. Int J Bot Mycol 27:483–489
Cudlín P, Prokopová M, Francírková T, Burešová R, Smrž T, Boucníková E (2005) System
NATURA 2000 utilization for purposes of biotope valuation. Ekológia 24:52–68
Dawson TP, Jackson ST, House JI, Prentice IC, Mace GM (2011) Beyond predictions: biodiversity
conservation in a changing climate. Science 332:53–58
Dudley N (ed) (2013) Guidelines for applying protected area management categories. IUCN, Gland
Duffy JE (2002) Biodiversity and ecosystem function: the consumer connection. Oikos 99:201–219
Erisman JW, Galloway JN, Dice NB, Sutton MA, Bleeker A, Grizzetti B, Leach AM, de Vries W
(2015) Nitrogen: too much of a vital resource. Science Brief. WWF Netherlands, Zeist
Falcucci A, Maiorano L, Boitani L (2007) Changes in land-use/land-cover patterns in Italy and
their implications for biodiversity conservation. Landscape Ecol 22:617–631. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s10980-006-9056-4
Fischer J, Lindenmayer DB (2006) Beyond fragmentation: the continuum model for fauna research
and conservation in human-modified landscapes. Oikos 112:473–480
Folke C (2006) Resilience: the emergence of a perspective for social-ecological systems analyses.
Glob Environ Change 16:253–267
P. Cudlín et al.