4.2.2 The UN Watercourses Convention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.2.3 Regional, Basin and Bilateral Water Treaties . . . . . . . . 35
4.3 Critical Assessment: Strengths and Shortcomings
of International Water Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
5 Institutions of Transboundary Water Governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
5.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
5.2 River Basin Organisations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
5.2.1 The Evolution of River Basin Organisations . . . . . . . . 46
5.2.2 Distribution of River Basin Organisations . . . . . . . . . . 47
5.2.3 Effectiveness of River Basin Organisations . . . . . . . . . 48
5.3 Beyond the River Basin: Institutions of Transboundary Water
Governance at Global and Regional Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
5.3.1 Global Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
5.3.2 Regional Frameworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
6 Emerging Challenges to Transboundary Water
Governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
6.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
6.2 The Anthropocene and the Global Water Crisis . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
6.2.1 The Concept of the Anthropocene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
6.2.2 The Impacts of the Anthropocene on Freshwater
Resources: The Global Water Crisis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
6.3 Political Implications of the Global Water Crisis . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
6.3.1 Concepts of Water Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
6.3.2 Assessments of Global Water Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
6.3.3 Political Implications of the Global Water Crisis
and the Growing Water Insecurity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
6.4 The Global Water Crisis in a Transboundary Context:
Hydropolitical Resilience or Vulnerability? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
6.4.1 Concepts of Hydropolitical Resilience
and Vulnerability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
6.4.2 Building Blocks of Hydropolitical Resilience
and Vulnerability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Part II Transboundary Water Governance in the European Union:
An Overview
7 Transboundary River Basins in the European Union
and the Impacts of the Anthropocene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
7.1 Transboundary River Basins in the European Union . . . . . . . . . 71
7.2 The State of Freshwaters in the European Union:
A Snapshot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
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4.2.3 Regional, Basin and Bilateral Water Treaties . . . . . . . . 35
4.3 Critical Assessment: Strengths and Shortcomings
of International Water Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
5 Institutions of Transboundary Water Governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
5.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
5.2 River Basin Organisations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
5.2.1 The Evolution of River Basin Organisations . . . . . . . . 46
5.2.2 Distribution of River Basin Organisations . . . . . . . . . . 47
5.2.3 Effectiveness of River Basin Organisations . . . . . . . . . 48
5.3 Beyond the River Basin: Institutions of Transboundary Water
Governance at Global and Regional Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
5.3.1 Global Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
5.3.2 Regional Frameworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
6 Emerging Challenges to Transboundary Water
Governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
6.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
6.2 The Anthropocene and the Global Water Crisis . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
6.2.1 The Concept of the Anthropocene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
6.2.2 The Impacts of the Anthropocene on Freshwater
Resources: The Global Water Crisis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
6.3 Political Implications of the Global Water Crisis . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
6.3.1 Concepts of Water Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
6.3.2 Assessments of Global Water Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
6.3.3 Political Implications of the Global Water Crisis
and the Growing Water Insecurity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
6.4 The Global Water Crisis in a Transboundary Context:
Hydropolitical Resilience or Vulnerability? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
6.4.1 Concepts of Hydropolitical Resilience
and Vulnerability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
6.4.2 Building Blocks of Hydropolitical Resilience
and Vulnerability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Part II Transboundary Water Governance in the European Union:
An Overview
7 Transboundary River Basins in the European Union
and the Impacts of the Anthropocene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
7.1 Transboundary River Basins in the European Union . . . . . . . . . 71
7.2 The State of Freshwaters in the European Union:
A Snapshot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
viii
Contents