Index 495
examples, 85–6
intercept-slowness formulation, 137–40
migration, 152–6
multichannel data geometry, 140–1
principle of, 2
signal enhancement, 145–7
travel time curves, 134–7
reflectivity method, 127
refraction
critical, 67
definition, 2, 67
refraction seismology
crustal structure, 128–31
dipping layer method, 123–6
flat layer method, 120–3
principle of, 2
regional networks, 410
Reid, H., 215
relative plate motion, 290
relaxation time, 191, 355
reservoirs, cause of earthquakes, 18
residual vector, 418
residuals, travel time, 420
resolution, model, 415
resolution matrix, model, 427
resonance curve, 193–4
resonant frequency, 193
resonant period, of buildings, 17
reverse fault, 45, 218, 225–7, 236,
244
rheology, 349–50
Richter, Charles, 274n2
Richter scale, 263
ridge push, 328, 330
rifts, continental, 333, 334
right-lateral slip, 218
rigid body rotation, 47
rigidity, 50
ringwoodite, 205
rise time, 230, 267
risks, seismic, 11–14
rocks
anisotropy, 179–80
crust and upper mantle, 130–4
fracture and friction, 350–4
friction, 359–64
strength of, 357–9
viscosity, 355–7
rupture
geometry, 269–70
direction, 230, 231
process, 258–9
propagation, 238–9
time, 230, 267
velocity, 230
S waves, 3, 56–61
body wave phases, 164–6
core phases, 166–9
displacement equations, 63–5
equations, 53–4
motion, 221–2
radiation pattern, 220–2
ray parameter, 69–70
transverse isotropy, 178–9
velocity, 59
visualizing, 174–6
SH waves
definition, 57
reflection and transmission, 76–8
Snell’s law, 68–9
waveform modeling, 233
SV waves
energy flux, 80–1
P wave coupling, 57
reflection and transmission, 79–84
Snell’s law, 66–7
Sacks, Selwyn, 149n5
sampling
and b-values, 275, 277
and earthquake probability, 278
cell hit count, 311–12
of continuous data, 385–7
San Andreas fault, 5, 11, 21
aseismic slip, 262
b-values, 276
earthquake probability, 279
and earthquakes, 215, 260
“fault strength” paradox, 363
heat flow across, 363
interseismic deformation, 260
interseismic motion, 260
locking, 263
palaeoseismology, 22–3
plate boundary zone, 334
plate movements, 293
seismic gaps, 23–4
space geodesy, 296
San Fernando earthquake (1971), 12, 18, 265, 267,
334, 363
seismograms, 406–8
San Francisco earthquake (1906), 11–12, 215
damage caused by fire, 18
seismoscope recording, 401
source parameters, 265, 266, 267
stress shadow, 363
sand blows, 20
Sanriku earthquake (1896), 12, 19
SAR see Synthetic Aperture Radar interferometry
Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR), 251, 296
satellites, use in geodesy, 251–4, 296
scalar wave equation
one-dimensional, 30
three-dimensional, 54–5
scalars
definition, 444–5
scalar fields, 458–9
scalar product, 446–7
scale invariance, 274–5
scaling relations, seismic sources, 268–9
scattering
PKP precursors, 169–70
seismic waves, 189–90
Schmidt projection, 223n3
sectoral harmonics, 104
SEED see Standard for the Exchange of Earthquake
Data
seismic coupling, 323–4
seismic cycle, 217, 259–63
seismic data
networks, 407–12
publication of, 251, 398
sampling of, 385–7
seismic efficiency, 273
seismic energy, 61–2, 273
seismic gaps, 23–4, 280–1, 323
seismic hazards and risks, 11–14
seismic intensity, 14–16
seismic lithosphere (lid), 170, 304, 435, 437
seismic moment, 4, 221–2, 265, 273, 305
seismic moment tensor, 240, 241, 242–4
seismic parameter, 200
seismic phases, P waves:
antipodal phases, 169–70
P, 3, 163–5, 232–4, 396, 433
P coda, 190
PcP, 109, 163–4, 166, 195
PcPPKP, 170
P diff (also Pd), 58, 86, 109, 164, 167–8
PdP, 172–3
P g , 122–3
P i , 123
P 2 , 129
P 3 , 129
P 3 P, 129
P i P, 123
PKIIKP, 169
PKiKP, 58, 163–4, 167–9, 409
PKIKP, 110, 165, 167–9, 184, 198
PKJKP, 107, 110, 165, 169
PKKP, 58, 86, 164, 169
PKP, 109, 163–4, 167–9, 189, 433
PKP 2 , 167
PKP-AB, 167–9
PKP-BC, 167–9, 184
PKP-DF, 167–9, 184, 210
PKP precursors, 168–9
PKPPKP, 169
P m P, 122–3, 127–9
P n , 122–3, 127–31, 180–1
Pn2, 123
pP, 3, 163–6, 232–4, 396
PP, 3, 58, 86, 163–7, 169, 396
P′P′, 164, 169
pPcP, 165
pPcPSKKP, 165
pP diff , 58
pPKP, 164
pPP, 163, 166
PPP, 164–5, 167
pSP, 58
P w P, 234
ScP, 163–4, 166
SKiKP, 163–4
SKP, 58, 163–5
SKPPKP, 165
SKKP, 58, 164–5
sP, 163–6, 232–4, 395
sP diff , 58
SP, 86, 164–5
S w P, 234
seismic phases, S waves:
PcS, 163, 166
PKS, 58
PKKS, 164
PPS, 165
pPS, 58
PS, 58, 164
pSKS, 164
S, 3, 108, 163–4, 176, 383–4, 433
Sbc, 173
Scd, 173
ScS, 3, 85, 108–10, 112, 163–6, 176, 182, 193,
195, 384, 433
ScSp, 85
ScS 2 , 3, 108, 165–7, 176
ScS 3 , 3, 176
ScS 4 , 3
ScS 220 S, 176
ScS 400 S, 176
examples, 85–6
intercept-slowness formulation, 137–40
migration, 152–6
multichannel data geometry, 140–1
principle of, 2
signal enhancement, 145–7
travel time curves, 134–7
reflectivity method, 127
refraction
critical, 67
definition, 2, 67
refraction seismology
crustal structure, 128–31
dipping layer method, 123–6
flat layer method, 120–3
principle of, 2
regional networks, 410
Reid, H., 215
relative plate motion, 290
relaxation time, 191, 355
reservoirs, cause of earthquakes, 18
residual vector, 418
residuals, travel time, 420
resolution, model, 415
resolution matrix, model, 427
resonance curve, 193–4
resonant frequency, 193
resonant period, of buildings, 17
reverse fault, 45, 218, 225–7, 236,
244
rheology, 349–50
Richter, Charles, 274n2
Richter scale, 263
ridge push, 328, 330
rifts, continental, 333, 334
right-lateral slip, 218
rigid body rotation, 47
rigidity, 50
ringwoodite, 205
rise time, 230, 267
risks, seismic, 11–14
rocks
anisotropy, 179–80
crust and upper mantle, 130–4
fracture and friction, 350–4
friction, 359–64
strength of, 357–9
viscosity, 355–7
rupture
geometry, 269–70
direction, 230, 231
process, 258–9
propagation, 238–9
time, 230, 267
velocity, 230
S waves, 3, 56–61
body wave phases, 164–6
core phases, 166–9
displacement equations, 63–5
equations, 53–4
motion, 221–2
radiation pattern, 220–2
ray parameter, 69–70
transverse isotropy, 178–9
velocity, 59
visualizing, 174–6
SH waves
definition, 57
reflection and transmission, 76–8
Snell’s law, 68–9
waveform modeling, 233
SV waves
energy flux, 80–1
P wave coupling, 57
reflection and transmission, 79–84
Snell’s law, 66–7
Sacks, Selwyn, 149n5
sampling
and b-values, 275, 277
and earthquake probability, 278
cell hit count, 311–12
of continuous data, 385–7
San Andreas fault, 5, 11, 21
aseismic slip, 262
b-values, 276
earthquake probability, 279
and earthquakes, 215, 260
“fault strength” paradox, 363
heat flow across, 363
interseismic deformation, 260
interseismic motion, 260
locking, 263
palaeoseismology, 22–3
plate boundary zone, 334
plate movements, 293
seismic gaps, 23–4
space geodesy, 296
San Fernando earthquake (1971), 12, 18, 265, 267,
334, 363
seismograms, 406–8
San Francisco earthquake (1906), 11–12, 215
damage caused by fire, 18
seismoscope recording, 401
source parameters, 265, 266, 267
stress shadow, 363
sand blows, 20
Sanriku earthquake (1896), 12, 19
SAR see Synthetic Aperture Radar interferometry
Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR), 251, 296
satellites, use in geodesy, 251–4, 296
scalar wave equation
one-dimensional, 30
three-dimensional, 54–5
scalars
definition, 444–5
scalar fields, 458–9
scalar product, 446–7
scale invariance, 274–5
scaling relations, seismic sources, 268–9
scattering
PKP precursors, 169–70
seismic waves, 189–90
Schmidt projection, 223n3
sectoral harmonics, 104
SEED see Standard for the Exchange of Earthquake
Data
seismic coupling, 323–4
seismic cycle, 217, 259–63
seismic data
networks, 407–12
publication of, 251, 398
sampling of, 385–7
seismic efficiency, 273
seismic energy, 61–2, 273
seismic gaps, 23–4, 280–1, 323
seismic hazards and risks, 11–14
seismic intensity, 14–16
seismic lithosphere (lid), 170, 304, 435, 437
seismic moment, 4, 221–2, 265, 273, 305
seismic moment tensor, 240, 241, 242–4
seismic parameter, 200
seismic phases, P waves:
antipodal phases, 169–70
P, 3, 163–5, 232–4, 396, 433
P coda, 190
PcP, 109, 163–4, 166, 195
PcPPKP, 170
P diff (also Pd), 58, 86, 109, 164, 167–8
PdP, 172–3
P g , 122–3
P i , 123
P 2 , 129
P 3 , 129
P 3 P, 129
P i P, 123
PKIIKP, 169
PKiKP, 58, 163–4, 167–9, 409
PKIKP, 110, 165, 167–9, 184, 198
PKJKP, 107, 110, 165, 169
PKKP, 58, 86, 164, 169
PKP, 109, 163–4, 167–9, 189, 433
PKP 2 , 167
PKP-AB, 167–9
PKP-BC, 167–9, 184
PKP-DF, 167–9, 184, 210
PKP precursors, 168–9
PKPPKP, 169
P m P, 122–3, 127–9
P n , 122–3, 127–31, 180–1
Pn2, 123
pP, 3, 163–6, 232–4, 396
PP, 3, 58, 86, 163–7, 169, 396
P′P′, 164, 169
pPcP, 165
pPcPSKKP, 165
pP diff , 58
pPKP, 164
pPP, 163, 166
PPP, 164–5, 167
pSP, 58
P w P, 234
ScP, 163–4, 166
SKiKP, 163–4
SKP, 58, 163–5
SKPPKP, 165
SKKP, 58, 164–5
sP, 163–6, 232–4, 395
sP diff , 58
SP, 86, 164–5
S w P, 234
seismic phases, S waves:
PcS, 163, 166
PKS, 58
PKKS, 164
PPS, 165
pPS, 58
PS, 58, 164
pSKS, 164
S, 3, 108, 163–4, 176, 383–4, 433
Sbc, 173
Scd, 173
ScS, 3, 85, 108–10, 112, 163–6, 176, 182, 193,
195, 384, 433
ScSp, 85
ScS 2 , 3, 108, 165–7, 176
ScS 3 , 3, 176
ScS 4 , 3
ScS 220 S, 176
ScS 400 S, 176