494 Index
normal modes of the earth (continued)
synthetic seismograms, 111
torsional, 104–10
traveling wave equivalence, 106–10
normal modes of string, 36–8
normal moveout (NMO), 134, 142
NORSAR see Norwegian Seismic Array
North American plate
absolute motion, 297–8
boundary with Pacific plate, 291–3, 334
intraplate earthquakes, 343–7
relative motion, 294
rigidity, 344
stress field, 347
North Anatolian fault, 339, 363
Northridge earthquake (1994), 13, 14, 257–8, 282,
363
Northwest Pacific, subduction zones, 319
Norwegian Seismic Array (NORSAR), 409
nuclear explosion, source, 241, 245
nuclear testing, monitoring of, 26–8, 198, 407, 409
null (B) axis, 220–2, 226–8, 243–4
NUVEL-1A global plate motion model, 293–6,
326, 441
Euler vectors, 294
Nyquist frequency, 386–8
oblique convergence, 321–3
oblique slip, 225
oblique spreading, 299
ocean bottom seismometers (OBS), 408, 409
oceanic crust
anisotropy, 180
mineralogical transitions, 321
refraction studies, 129
structure, 129
oceanic earthquakes, intraplate, 326–32
oceanic lithosphere
age of, 287
anisotropy, 180–1, 182
evolution of, 299–305
forces and stresses, 328–31
oceans, evolution of, 288
Oldham, Richard, 167n5
olivine
anisotropy, 60, 179
in mantle, 205
metastable wedge, 316–18
spinel transition phase, 311
strength of, 357, 358
Omori, Fusakichi, 277n3
Omori’s law, 277
one-dimensional scalar wave equation, 30
origin time, 1, 416
orthogonal transformations, 456
outlier earthquakes, 319
overdetermined system of equations, 99, 247, 417,
425
overtones, 91, 105
P waves, 3, 56–61
at interfaces, 81–6
body wave phases, 107, 164–6
core phases, 166–9
critical angle, 67–8
displacement equations, 63–5
equations, 53–4
first motions, 219
in layered medium, 63–8
ray parameter, 69–70
reflection and transmission; at an interface, 81–4;
at a free surface, 79–81
refraction, 122–3, 127–8
Snell’s law, 66–7
SV waves coupling, 57
transverse isotropy, 179
velocity, 58–9
waveform modeling, 231–3
Pacific Plate motion, 294
palaeomagnetism, 293
palaeoseismology, 22–3, 28
Pallett Creek, earthquake forecasting, 22–4, 281
Palmdale Bulge, 25, 28
paradigm shifts, 9
parameter space inversion, 436, 438–9
Parkfield, earthquake forecasting, 23, 281
Parseval’s theorem, 375
particle motion plot, 58, 89, 182, 189
passive margins, 334
perfect fluids, 50
period, 31–2
period equations, 90
permutation symbol, 449
perovskite, 205, 208, 316
Peru trench
seismic section, 144
tectonics, 339–41
phase nomenclature, 164
phase spectrum, 95, 373
phase velocity, 94, 97–9, 107, 195
physical dispersion, seismic waves, 96, 194–6
plane wave decomposition, 147
plane waves, 54–5
energy in, 61–2
in layered medium, 63–5
Snell’s law, 66–75
see also P waves; S waves
planetary evolution, 210–11
plastic deformation, 349
plate boundaries, 286–7, 333–4
plate boundary zones
continental plates, 334–9
faults, 260
plate dynamics, 288
plate motions, 288, 290–8
absolute plate motions, 296–8
continental plates, 334
global plate motions, 8, 293–5
inverse problem, 439–41
relative plate motions, 290–3
space-based geodesy, 295–6
plate model, oceanic lithosphere, 302–3
plate tectonics, 5, 286–90
continental earthquakes, 333–48
oceanic intraplate earthquakes, 326–32
plate kinematics, 290–8, 334
spreading centers, 298–307
subduction zones, 307–25
point sources, 72, 152–3, 231
Poisson distribution, 278, 280
Poisson solid, 51
Poisson’s ratio, 51
polar coordinates, 443
polarization, shear waves, 57–8, 178
poloidal modes see spheroidal modes
pore pressure, 353–4
postseismic phase, 217
potentials, 54
power spectrum, 384
precision, of estimates, 391–2
precursors
earthquake predicting, 24–6
from FIR filters, 405
to PKP phase, 168
to ScS phase, 172–3
to SS phase, 395
PREM (Preliminary Reference Earth Model), 162,
171
density structure, 202
model parameters, 203
preseismic stage, 217
pressure
earth profile, 202
effect on rocks, 349
hydrostatic, 200
lithostatic, 50
principal stresses, 42–3, 227, 350
probability, assessment of, 7, 278–81, 441
probability density distribution, 278
propagation of errors, 393–4
pure path method, variable velocity measurement,
98–9
pyrolite, 205
quality factor Q, wave attenuation, 114, 190–1,
192–3, 197–8, 229–30, 434–5
quartz
in rocks, 132
strength of, 357, 358
radial component, 57–9
radial earth model, 162
radial order, modes, 102
radiation patterns
body waves, 220–2
surface waves, 236–9
radon gas, earthquake precursor, 25
Radon transform, 147
ramp function, 372
ray parameter
definition, 69–70
layered medium, 134–5
spherical earth, 157
ray paths
dipping interface, 123–6
low-velocity zone, 161
seismic waves, 65, 120–1
spherical earth, 157–9
velocity increase, 160
ray theory, see geometric ray theory
Rayleigh waves
definition, 86–7
dispersion, 96, 98–9
focal mechanisms, 236–9
in homogeneous halfspace, 87–9
inversion, 438
relation to spheroidal modes, 106–7, 110
real-time data, 408
real-time warnings, earthquake, 26
receiver function, 380
reciprocity, principle of, 38, 122
recurrence time, 278
Red Sea, 333, 334
reflection coefficients
P–SV waves, 79–84
SH waves, 76–8
string waves, 33
reflection seismology
common midpoint (CMP) stacking, 141–4
deconvolution, 148–52
normal modes of the earth (continued)
synthetic seismograms, 111
torsional, 104–10
traveling wave equivalence, 106–10
normal modes of string, 36–8
normal moveout (NMO), 134, 142
NORSAR see Norwegian Seismic Array
North American plate
absolute motion, 297–8
boundary with Pacific plate, 291–3, 334
intraplate earthquakes, 343–7
relative motion, 294
rigidity, 344
stress field, 347
North Anatolian fault, 339, 363
Northridge earthquake (1994), 13, 14, 257–8, 282,
363
Northwest Pacific, subduction zones, 319
Norwegian Seismic Array (NORSAR), 409
nuclear explosion, source, 241, 245
nuclear testing, monitoring of, 26–8, 198, 407, 409
null (B) axis, 220–2, 226–8, 243–4
NUVEL-1A global plate motion model, 293–6,
326, 441
Euler vectors, 294
Nyquist frequency, 386–8
oblique convergence, 321–3
oblique slip, 225
oblique spreading, 299
ocean bottom seismometers (OBS), 408, 409
oceanic crust
anisotropy, 180
mineralogical transitions, 321
refraction studies, 129
structure, 129
oceanic earthquakes, intraplate, 326–32
oceanic lithosphere
age of, 287
anisotropy, 180–1, 182
evolution of, 299–305
forces and stresses, 328–31
oceans, evolution of, 288
Oldham, Richard, 167n5
olivine
anisotropy, 60, 179
in mantle, 205
metastable wedge, 316–18
spinel transition phase, 311
strength of, 357, 358
Omori, Fusakichi, 277n3
Omori’s law, 277
one-dimensional scalar wave equation, 30
origin time, 1, 416
orthogonal transformations, 456
outlier earthquakes, 319
overdetermined system of equations, 99, 247, 417,
425
overtones, 91, 105
P waves, 3, 56–61
at interfaces, 81–6
body wave phases, 107, 164–6
core phases, 166–9
critical angle, 67–8
displacement equations, 63–5
equations, 53–4
first motions, 219
in layered medium, 63–8
ray parameter, 69–70
reflection and transmission; at an interface, 81–4;
at a free surface, 79–81
refraction, 122–3, 127–8
Snell’s law, 66–7
SV waves coupling, 57
transverse isotropy, 179
velocity, 58–9
waveform modeling, 231–3
Pacific Plate motion, 294
palaeomagnetism, 293
palaeoseismology, 22–3, 28
Pallett Creek, earthquake forecasting, 22–4, 281
Palmdale Bulge, 25, 28
paradigm shifts, 9
parameter space inversion, 436, 438–9
Parkfield, earthquake forecasting, 23, 281
Parseval’s theorem, 375
particle motion plot, 58, 89, 182, 189
passive margins, 334
perfect fluids, 50
period, 31–2
period equations, 90
permutation symbol, 449
perovskite, 205, 208, 316
Peru trench
seismic section, 144
tectonics, 339–41
phase nomenclature, 164
phase spectrum, 95, 373
phase velocity, 94, 97–9, 107, 195
physical dispersion, seismic waves, 96, 194–6
plane wave decomposition, 147
plane waves, 54–5
energy in, 61–2
in layered medium, 63–5
Snell’s law, 66–75
see also P waves; S waves
planetary evolution, 210–11
plastic deformation, 349
plate boundaries, 286–7, 333–4
plate boundary zones
continental plates, 334–9
faults, 260
plate dynamics, 288
plate motions, 288, 290–8
absolute plate motions, 296–8
continental plates, 334
global plate motions, 8, 293–5
inverse problem, 439–41
relative plate motions, 290–3
space-based geodesy, 295–6
plate model, oceanic lithosphere, 302–3
plate tectonics, 5, 286–90
continental earthquakes, 333–48
oceanic intraplate earthquakes, 326–32
plate kinematics, 290–8, 334
spreading centers, 298–307
subduction zones, 307–25
point sources, 72, 152–3, 231
Poisson distribution, 278, 280
Poisson solid, 51
Poisson’s ratio, 51
polar coordinates, 443
polarization, shear waves, 57–8, 178
poloidal modes see spheroidal modes
pore pressure, 353–4
postseismic phase, 217
potentials, 54
power spectrum, 384
precision, of estimates, 391–2
precursors
earthquake predicting, 24–6
from FIR filters, 405
to PKP phase, 168
to ScS phase, 172–3
to SS phase, 395
PREM (Preliminary Reference Earth Model), 162,
171
density structure, 202
model parameters, 203
preseismic stage, 217
pressure
earth profile, 202
effect on rocks, 349
hydrostatic, 200
lithostatic, 50
principal stresses, 42–3, 227, 350
probability, assessment of, 7, 278–81, 441
probability density distribution, 278
propagation of errors, 393–4
pure path method, variable velocity measurement,
98–9
pyrolite, 205
quality factor Q, wave attenuation, 114, 190–1,
192–3, 197–8, 229–30, 434–5
quartz
in rocks, 132
strength of, 357, 358
radial component, 57–9
radial earth model, 162
radial order, modes, 102
radiation patterns
body waves, 220–2
surface waves, 236–9
radon gas, earthquake precursor, 25
Radon transform, 147
ramp function, 372
ray parameter
definition, 69–70
layered medium, 134–5
spherical earth, 157
ray paths
dipping interface, 123–6
low-velocity zone, 161
seismic waves, 65, 120–1
spherical earth, 157–9
velocity increase, 160
ray theory, see geometric ray theory
Rayleigh waves
definition, 86–7
dispersion, 96, 98–9
focal mechanisms, 236–9
in homogeneous halfspace, 87–9
inversion, 438
relation to spheroidal modes, 106–7, 110
real-time data, 408
real-time warnings, earthquake, 26
receiver function, 380
reciprocity, principle of, 38, 122
recurrence time, 278
Red Sea, 333, 334
reflection coefficients
P–SV waves, 79–84
SH waves, 76–8
string waves, 33
reflection seismology
common midpoint (CMP) stacking, 141–4
deconvolution, 148–52