492 Index
gabbro, 130–4, 321
gain, seismometer, 402
Gaussian distribution, 279–80, 392–5
Gaussian elimination with partial pivoting, 454
Gaussian pill box, 51–2
Gauss’s theorem, 460
GDSN see Global Digital Seismic Network
geodesy
combined with seismological data, 256–9
coseismic deformation, 254–6
interseismic deformation, 259–63
space-based methods, 251–4
plate motions from, 295–6
geoid, 303
geological composition, crust and upper mantle,
130–4
geology, effect on earthquake damage, 18
geometric ray theory, 70–2
geometric spreading, 56, 160, 187
geometrical dispersion, 96–9
geophones, 141
GEOSCOPE network, 407
geotherm, 202–4
oceanic lithosphere, 302
and rock strength, 357–8
subducting slab, 309
Gilbert Islands, earthquake swarm (1981–3), 328
glacial loads, removal, 346
Global Digital Seismic Network (GDSN), 407
global plate motions, 8, 293–5
Global Positioning System (GPS), 251–2, 296, 323,
336–41, 344–5, 365
Global Seismic Network (GSN), 407–8
Gloria transform fault, 326
GPS see Global Positioning System
gradient, vector field, 459, 465
Grand Banks earthquake, Newfoundland (1929),
241, 346–7
granite, 133, 359
gravimeter, 403
gravity within earth, 199–202
grazing incidence, 78, 80
great circles, 463–4
Green’s function, 235, 246–7, 380
Greenwich meridian, 463
ground motion from earthquakes
acceleration, 14–17, 21–2
intensity, 14–17, 246
ground roll, 141
groundwater, earthquake precursor, 25
group velocity, 94–7
Guatemala earthquake (1976), 235
Gulf of Aden, 333, 334
Guralp-3T seismometer, 404
Gutenberg, Beno, 274n2
Gutenberg–Richter relation, 274–7
Haicheng (1975) earthquake, 12, 25
halfspace model, oceanic lithosphere, 302
half-spreading rate, 300
hanging wall block, 218
harmonic oscillation, damped, 190–4, 398–9
harmonic waves
definition, 31–2
energy in, 35–6
plane wave, 55
harmonics, spherical, 103–4
vector spherical, 105–6
Harvard centroid moment tensor project (CMT),
251, 266
Hawaii
intraplate earthquakes, 327–8
tsunamis, 19, 26
Hawaiian-Emperor seamount chain, 297
hazards, definition, 11
head wave
amplitude, 128
dipping layers, 123–6
flat layers, 121–3
heat engine model of earth, 287
heat flow
oceanic, 301–3
on faults, 363
Hebgen Lake earthquake, Montana (1959),
347
Hellenic trench, 339, 342, 431
Helmholtz decomposition, 54n3
Herglotz–Wiechert integral, 161–2
highways, earthquake damage, 18
Hilbert transform, 166n3
Himalayas, 336
homogeneous equation of motion, 47, 53–4
homogeneous medium, earthquake location,
419–20
Hooke’s law, 49, 177
horizontal slowness, 69, 137
hot spots, 297, 327, 347–8
Huygens’ principle, 72–5, 122, 153, 189
hydrophones, 141
hydrostatic pressure, 354
hypocenter, of earthquakes, 4, 217, 251, 416
IASP91 earth model, 162–4
ICB see inner core boundary
IDA see International Deployment of
Accelerometers
identity matrix, 451
IDFT see inverse Discrete Fourier Transform
ilmenite, 205
imaginary numbers, 443–4
impedance, 33, 77, 83
impulse response, 377
IMS see International Monitoring System
incompressibility, 50
Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology
(IRIS), 398, 403
Global Seismographic Network (GSN) program,
407–8
index notation, 38n1, 448–9
India-Eurasia plate collision, 336
Indian Ocean, earthquakes, 328–9
infinitesimal strain theory, 49
inhomogeneous wave, 78
inhomogeneous wave equation, 56
inner core boundary (ICB), 162, 209–10
InSAR see Synthetic Aperture Radar interferometry
intensity of shaking, 14–17, 346
intercept-slowness (tau-p)
filtering, 147–8
formulation for travel time, 137–40
interfaces
boundary conditions, 51–2
in the earth, 75
SH reflection and transmission at, 76–8
P–SV reflection and transmission, 81–6
Snell’s law, 66–8
interferometry, 252–4
intermediate depth earthquakes
definition, 308
relation to subduction, 310–21
Intermountain Seismic Belt, 347
internal friction, 186
International Deployment of Accelerometers (IDA),
403–4
International Monitoring System (IMS), 28, 408
International Seismological Centre (ISC),
earthquake bulletins, 251, 398
International Seismological Summary (ISS), 398,
407
interplate earthquakes, 288
mid-ocean ridges, 298–9, 305–7
trench, 321–5
interseismic motion, 217, 259–63
intraplate earthquakes, 288
continental, 343–8
oceanic, 326–32
intraplate earthquakes, 11, 271, 288, 303, 326–48
intraplate stress field, 331, 345
intrinsic attenuation, seismic waves, 185, 190–8
inverse Discrete Fourier Transform (IDFT), 388–9
inverse filters, 150–1, 380
inverse Fourier transform, 95, 372
inverse problems
earthquake location, 416–24
migration as, 153
plate motions, 439–41
solving, 6, 415–16
stratified earth structure, 434–9
surface wave dispersion, 96–9
travel time tomography, 424–34
inverse theory, 415–19
Iran earthquake (1990), 11
IRIS see Incorporated Research Institutions for
Seismology
isoseismals, 15
isostasy, 301
isotherms, 300
isotropy, 50, 177
ISS see International Seismological Summary
Izmit earthquake, Turkey (1999), 13, 339, 363
Jackson, David, 9n7
Jamaica earthquake (1692), 20
Japan
earthquake prediction program, 9
regional networks, 410
seismicity, 322n5
Jeffreys, Harold, 9, 162n1
Jeffreys–Bullen (JB) earth model, 162
in travel time tomography, 430–2
joint hypocenter determination, 424
Juan de Fuca plate, 291, 293, 295
Kalapana earthquake, Hawaii (1975), 327–8
Kansu earthquake, China (1920), 20
Kepler, Johannes, 110n7
kernels, 434–7
Kirchoff migration, 153–5
Klauder wavelet, 151
Kobe earthquake, Japan (1995), 9, 13, 18
Kronecker delta, 449
Kuhn, Thomas, 9
Kuril subduction zone, 323
Lg phase, 197
Labrador Sea, 327
Lame constants, 50
Lanczos decomposition, 427, 429
Landers earthquake (1992), 12, 253–4, 282,
293
gabbro, 130–4, 321
gain, seismometer, 402
Gaussian distribution, 279–80, 392–5
Gaussian elimination with partial pivoting, 454
Gaussian pill box, 51–2
Gauss’s theorem, 460
GDSN see Global Digital Seismic Network
geodesy
combined with seismological data, 256–9
coseismic deformation, 254–6
interseismic deformation, 259–63
space-based methods, 251–4
plate motions from, 295–6
geoid, 303
geological composition, crust and upper mantle,
130–4
geology, effect on earthquake damage, 18
geometric ray theory, 70–2
geometric spreading, 56, 160, 187
geometrical dispersion, 96–9
geophones, 141
GEOSCOPE network, 407
geotherm, 202–4
oceanic lithosphere, 302
and rock strength, 357–8
subducting slab, 309
Gilbert Islands, earthquake swarm (1981–3), 328
glacial loads, removal, 346
Global Digital Seismic Network (GDSN), 407
global plate motions, 8, 293–5
Global Positioning System (GPS), 251–2, 296, 323,
336–41, 344–5, 365
Global Seismic Network (GSN), 407–8
Gloria transform fault, 326
GPS see Global Positioning System
gradient, vector field, 459, 465
Grand Banks earthquake, Newfoundland (1929),
241, 346–7
granite, 133, 359
gravimeter, 403
gravity within earth, 199–202
grazing incidence, 78, 80
great circles, 463–4
Green’s function, 235, 246–7, 380
Greenwich meridian, 463
ground motion from earthquakes
acceleration, 14–17, 21–2
intensity, 14–17, 246
ground roll, 141
groundwater, earthquake precursor, 25
group velocity, 94–7
Guatemala earthquake (1976), 235
Gulf of Aden, 333, 334
Guralp-3T seismometer, 404
Gutenberg, Beno, 274n2
Gutenberg–Richter relation, 274–7
Haicheng (1975) earthquake, 12, 25
halfspace model, oceanic lithosphere, 302
half-spreading rate, 300
hanging wall block, 218
harmonic oscillation, damped, 190–4, 398–9
harmonic waves
definition, 31–2
energy in, 35–6
plane wave, 55
harmonics, spherical, 103–4
vector spherical, 105–6
Harvard centroid moment tensor project (CMT),
251, 266
Hawaii
intraplate earthquakes, 327–8
tsunamis, 19, 26
Hawaiian-Emperor seamount chain, 297
hazards, definition, 11
head wave
amplitude, 128
dipping layers, 123–6
flat layers, 121–3
heat engine model of earth, 287
heat flow
oceanic, 301–3
on faults, 363
Hebgen Lake earthquake, Montana (1959),
347
Hellenic trench, 339, 342, 431
Helmholtz decomposition, 54n3
Herglotz–Wiechert integral, 161–2
highways, earthquake damage, 18
Hilbert transform, 166n3
Himalayas, 336
homogeneous equation of motion, 47, 53–4
homogeneous medium, earthquake location,
419–20
Hooke’s law, 49, 177
horizontal slowness, 69, 137
hot spots, 297, 327, 347–8
Huygens’ principle, 72–5, 122, 153, 189
hydrophones, 141
hydrostatic pressure, 354
hypocenter, of earthquakes, 4, 217, 251, 416
IASP91 earth model, 162–4
ICB see inner core boundary
IDA see International Deployment of
Accelerometers
identity matrix, 451
IDFT see inverse Discrete Fourier Transform
ilmenite, 205
imaginary numbers, 443–4
impedance, 33, 77, 83
impulse response, 377
IMS see International Monitoring System
incompressibility, 50
Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology
(IRIS), 398, 403
Global Seismographic Network (GSN) program,
407–8
index notation, 38n1, 448–9
India-Eurasia plate collision, 336
Indian Ocean, earthquakes, 328–9
infinitesimal strain theory, 49
inhomogeneous wave, 78
inhomogeneous wave equation, 56
inner core boundary (ICB), 162, 209–10
InSAR see Synthetic Aperture Radar interferometry
intensity of shaking, 14–17, 346
intercept-slowness (tau-p)
filtering, 147–8
formulation for travel time, 137–40
interfaces
boundary conditions, 51–2
in the earth, 75
SH reflection and transmission at, 76–8
P–SV reflection and transmission, 81–6
Snell’s law, 66–8
interferometry, 252–4
intermediate depth earthquakes
definition, 308
relation to subduction, 310–21
Intermountain Seismic Belt, 347
internal friction, 186
International Deployment of Accelerometers (IDA),
403–4
International Monitoring System (IMS), 28, 408
International Seismological Centre (ISC),
earthquake bulletins, 251, 398
International Seismological Summary (ISS), 398,
407
interplate earthquakes, 288
mid-ocean ridges, 298–9, 305–7
trench, 321–5
interseismic motion, 217, 259–63
intraplate earthquakes, 288
continental, 343–8
oceanic, 326–32
intraplate earthquakes, 11, 271, 288, 303, 326–48
intraplate stress field, 331, 345
intrinsic attenuation, seismic waves, 185, 190–8
inverse Discrete Fourier Transform (IDFT), 388–9
inverse filters, 150–1, 380
inverse Fourier transform, 95, 372
inverse problems
earthquake location, 416–24
migration as, 153
plate motions, 439–41
solving, 6, 415–16
stratified earth structure, 434–9
surface wave dispersion, 96–9
travel time tomography, 424–34
inverse theory, 415–19
Iran earthquake (1990), 11
IRIS see Incorporated Research Institutions for
Seismology
isoseismals, 15
isostasy, 301
isotherms, 300
isotropy, 50, 177
ISS see International Seismological Summary
Izmit earthquake, Turkey (1999), 13, 339, 363
Jackson, David, 9n7
Jamaica earthquake (1692), 20
Japan
earthquake prediction program, 9
regional networks, 410
seismicity, 322n5
Jeffreys, Harold, 9, 162n1
Jeffreys–Bullen (JB) earth model, 162
in travel time tomography, 430–2
joint hypocenter determination, 424
Juan de Fuca plate, 291, 293, 295
Kalapana earthquake, Hawaii (1975), 327–8
Kansu earthquake, China (1920), 20
Kepler, Johannes, 110n7
kernels, 434–7
Kirchoff migration, 153–5
Klauder wavelet, 151
Kobe earthquake, Japan (1995), 9, 13, 18
Kronecker delta, 449
Kuhn, Thomas, 9
Kuril subduction zone, 323
Lg phase, 197
Labrador Sea, 327
Lame constants, 50
Lanczos decomposition, 427, 429
Landers earthquake (1992), 12, 253–4, 282,
293