Index 491
study of, 1, 2–3, 119–20
temperature in, 202–4
earthquakes
acceleration from, 14–17, 21–2
continental, 333–48
damage caused by, 11–20
deaths due to, 12–13
deep, 308, 310, 312–21
depth determination, 6–7, 232–4, 238
distribution of, 9–10, 289
epicenter, 4, 416
energy radiated, 10, 11, 273
and faults, 215–16
first motions, 219–20
forecasting, 20–4, 278–81
frequency–magnitude relations, 274–7
geodesy, 251–63
hazard estimates, 14–15, 21–2, 346, 379
hypocenter, 4, 217, 251, 416
insurance, 14
intensity of shaking, 14–17, 346
intermediate depth, 308, 320–1
intraplate earthquakes, 11, 271, 288, 303,
326–48
continental, 343–8
list of notable, 12–13
locating, 416–24
location bulletins, 251, 398
magnitude, 4, 11, 263–6
numbers of, 11, 274–7
mid-ocean ridge and transform, 298–9, 305–7
oceanic, 326–32
plate boundaries, 288
prediction of, 9, 11n3, 24–6
probabilities, 21–4, 278–81
possible unpredictability of, 23–6, 274, 280
real-time warnings, 26
and regional deformation, 364–5
risks, 11–14
and rock friction, 359–64
shallow, 308
silent, 262
slow, 271
statistics, 274–81
and strength of lithosphere, 357–9
at subduction zones, 307–10
in subducting slabs, 312–21
swarms, 326, 328
trench, 321–5
yearly energy release, 275
East African rift, 333–5, 343
East Pacific rise, 299, 305, 307
Easter microplate, 307
Eastern North America
earthquakes, 14–17, 343–7
seismic attenuation, 17, 197–8
seismic hazards, 14–17, 22, 346–7
eclogite, 133, 321
effective stress, 353
effective viscosity, 356
efficiency, seismic, 273
eigenfrequencies, 36–8, 101–2, 107–10, 434–5,
466
eigenfunctions, 36, 92, 101–2, 107
eigenvalues, 426–9, 456–8
eigenvectors, 426–9, 456–8
Einstein, Albert, 279n5
Einstein summation convention, 449
elastic rheology, 48–51, 349
elastic lithosphere, 304
elastic moduli, 49–50, 177–8
elastic rebound, 21, 215, 259–62
elastic strain energy, 52, 61–2
elastic–perfectly plastic rheology, 349
electromagnetic seismometers, 401–2
endothermic phase transition, 206, 316, 318
energy
flux in P–SV waves, 80–1
flux in SH waves, 77–8
in harmonic waves, 35–6
in plane waves, 61–2
radiated in earthquakes, 10, 11, 273
strain energy, 52
engineering seismology, 14–18
epistemic uncertainty, 7
epicenter, of earthquakes, 4, 416
epicentral distance, 163
equal-area projection, 223n3
equation of equilibrium, 47, 314, 330
equation of motion, 38, 46–7
equivalent body forces, 220, 239–45
error ellipse
earthquake location, 422, 424
Euler poles, 344, 440
errors
earthquake location, 7, 420–2
propagation of, 393–4
random, 7, 392–5
systematic, 7, 392
Euler pole, 290–1
Euler vectors, 290–5, 326
inverse problem for, 439–40
for NUVEL-1A model, 294
Euler’s theorem, 290n1
evanescent wave, 68, 78
excitation amplitudes, 102, 111
excitation functions, 236
exothermic phase transition, 206, 315–16, 318
exploding reflectors experiment, 152
exploration seismology, 3–5, 134–57
explosions, as seismic sources, 245
far-field motion, 259–60
failure line, 351
Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), 389–90
“fault strength” paradox, 363
faults
analytical representation of geometry, 228–9
blind faults, 256
body wave radiation pattern, 220–2, 232–3
dip-slip, 218, 225–6, 236, 244, 256, 269–70
and earthquakes, 4–5, 215–17
geometry of, 217–19
heat flow, 363
normal, 45, 218, 225–7, 236, 244, 298–9, 328,
334, 336
reverse, 45, 218, 225–7, 236, 244
rupture propagation, 230–1, 238–9
seismic cycle, 217, 259–63
shear stresses, 40–5, 350–3
slip, 218, 230–1, 242, 254–62
static displacements, 254–6
stereographic projection, 223–8
stick-slip, 359–64
stress direction, 44–5, 226–7, 345
strike-slip, 45, 218, 225–7, 236, 244, 254–5,
269, 298–9, 328
surface wave radiation pattern, 235–6
thrust, 45, 218, 225–7, 236, 244, 328, 336
transform, 286, 298, 305–7
FDSN see Federation of Digital Broad-Band
Seismographic Networks
Federation of Digital Broad-Band Seismographic
Networks (FDSN), 398, 408
Fermat’s principle, 70–2, 74, 122, 188–90
Fernandina caldera, Galapagos Islands,
276
Feynman, Richard, 9n1
FFT see Fast Fourier Transform
filtering
anti-aliasing, 405
bandpass, 378–9, 383
signals, 369
tau-p, 147
velocity (dip), 145–7
finite impulse response (FIR) filter, 405
finite signal length, 380–3
FIR see finite impulse response
fire, caused by earthquakes, 18–19
first motions, earthquakes, 219–22, 239
flatness matrix, 430
focal hemisphere, 222
focal mechanism, 219–29, 235–9
deep earthquakes, 312–14
intermediate earthquakes, 312–14
ridge-transform earthquakes, 298–9
focus, of earthquake see hypocenter
foot wall block, 218
football mode, 106
force couple, 241–2
force-feedback seismometer, 403
forecasting, earthquakes, 20–4, 278–81
foreshocks, 25
Fort Tejon earthquake (1857), 22, 279, 334
Fortran, for scientific programming, 467
forward problems, 6, 415
410-km discontinuity, 163–4, 170–1, 202, 205–6,
315–16, 395
Fourier analysis, 369–70
linear systems, 377–85
Fourier series, 370–2
Fourier transform, 94–5, 229, 372–5
delta functions, 375–7
Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT), 387–91
double Fourier transform, 146
Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), 389–90
finite length signals, 380–3
inverse Discrete Fourier Transform (IDFT),
388–9
properties of, 374–5
spatial, 145–6
fractal scaling, 274
fractional crystallization, 209n11
fracture, of rocks, 349–54
fracture strength, 349
fracture zone, 298
free oscillations, 36, 101
frequency domain, 373
frequency response, seismometer, 402
frequency–magnitude relations, earthquakes,
274–7
frequency–time domain equivalence, 229, 235,
373–4
Fresnel zone, 166, 188
friction, and earthquakes, 359–64
friction and fracture, in rocks, 350–4
fundamental modes
Love wave, 91–2, 96
spheroidal, 106
torsional, 105
study of, 1, 2–3, 119–20
temperature in, 202–4
earthquakes
acceleration from, 14–17, 21–2
continental, 333–48
damage caused by, 11–20
deaths due to, 12–13
deep, 308, 310, 312–21
depth determination, 6–7, 232–4, 238
distribution of, 9–10, 289
epicenter, 4, 416
energy radiated, 10, 11, 273
and faults, 215–16
first motions, 219–20
forecasting, 20–4, 278–81
frequency–magnitude relations, 274–7
geodesy, 251–63
hazard estimates, 14–15, 21–2, 346, 379
hypocenter, 4, 217, 251, 416
insurance, 14
intensity of shaking, 14–17, 346
intermediate depth, 308, 320–1
intraplate earthquakes, 11, 271, 288, 303,
326–48
continental, 343–8
list of notable, 12–13
locating, 416–24
location bulletins, 251, 398
magnitude, 4, 11, 263–6
numbers of, 11, 274–7
mid-ocean ridge and transform, 298–9, 305–7
oceanic, 326–32
plate boundaries, 288
prediction of, 9, 11n3, 24–6
probabilities, 21–4, 278–81
possible unpredictability of, 23–6, 274, 280
real-time warnings, 26
and regional deformation, 364–5
risks, 11–14
and rock friction, 359–64
shallow, 308
silent, 262
slow, 271
statistics, 274–81
and strength of lithosphere, 357–9
at subduction zones, 307–10
in subducting slabs, 312–21
swarms, 326, 328
trench, 321–5
yearly energy release, 275
East African rift, 333–5, 343
East Pacific rise, 299, 305, 307
Easter microplate, 307
Eastern North America
earthquakes, 14–17, 343–7
seismic attenuation, 17, 197–8
seismic hazards, 14–17, 22, 346–7
eclogite, 133, 321
effective stress, 353
effective viscosity, 356
efficiency, seismic, 273
eigenfrequencies, 36–8, 101–2, 107–10, 434–5,
466
eigenfunctions, 36, 92, 101–2, 107
eigenvalues, 426–9, 456–8
eigenvectors, 426–9, 456–8
Einstein, Albert, 279n5
Einstein summation convention, 449
elastic rheology, 48–51, 349
elastic lithosphere, 304
elastic moduli, 49–50, 177–8
elastic rebound, 21, 215, 259–62
elastic strain energy, 52, 61–2
elastic–perfectly plastic rheology, 349
electromagnetic seismometers, 401–2
endothermic phase transition, 206, 316, 318
energy
flux in P–SV waves, 80–1
flux in SH waves, 77–8
in harmonic waves, 35–6
in plane waves, 61–2
radiated in earthquakes, 10, 11, 273
strain energy, 52
engineering seismology, 14–18
epistemic uncertainty, 7
epicenter, of earthquakes, 4, 416
epicentral distance, 163
equal-area projection, 223n3
equation of equilibrium, 47, 314, 330
equation of motion, 38, 46–7
equivalent body forces, 220, 239–45
error ellipse
earthquake location, 422, 424
Euler poles, 344, 440
errors
earthquake location, 7, 420–2
propagation of, 393–4
random, 7, 392–5
systematic, 7, 392
Euler pole, 290–1
Euler vectors, 290–5, 326
inverse problem for, 439–40
for NUVEL-1A model, 294
Euler’s theorem, 290n1
evanescent wave, 68, 78
excitation amplitudes, 102, 111
excitation functions, 236
exothermic phase transition, 206, 315–16, 318
exploding reflectors experiment, 152
exploration seismology, 3–5, 134–57
explosions, as seismic sources, 245
far-field motion, 259–60
failure line, 351
Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), 389–90
“fault strength” paradox, 363
faults
analytical representation of geometry, 228–9
blind faults, 256
body wave radiation pattern, 220–2, 232–3
dip-slip, 218, 225–6, 236, 244, 256, 269–70
and earthquakes, 4–5, 215–17
geometry of, 217–19
heat flow, 363
normal, 45, 218, 225–7, 236, 244, 298–9, 328,
334, 336
reverse, 45, 218, 225–7, 236, 244
rupture propagation, 230–1, 238–9
seismic cycle, 217, 259–63
shear stresses, 40–5, 350–3
slip, 218, 230–1, 242, 254–62
static displacements, 254–6
stereographic projection, 223–8
stick-slip, 359–64
stress direction, 44–5, 226–7, 345
strike-slip, 45, 218, 225–7, 236, 244, 254–5,
269, 298–9, 328
surface wave radiation pattern, 235–6
thrust, 45, 218, 225–7, 236, 244, 328, 336
transform, 286, 298, 305–7
FDSN see Federation of Digital Broad-Band
Seismographic Networks
Federation of Digital Broad-Band Seismographic
Networks (FDSN), 398, 408
Fermat’s principle, 70–2, 74, 122, 188–90
Fernandina caldera, Galapagos Islands,
276
Feynman, Richard, 9n1
FFT see Fast Fourier Transform
filtering
anti-aliasing, 405
bandpass, 378–9, 383
signals, 369
tau-p, 147
velocity (dip), 145–7
finite impulse response (FIR) filter, 405
finite signal length, 380–3
FIR see finite impulse response
fire, caused by earthquakes, 18–19
first motions, earthquakes, 219–22, 239
flatness matrix, 430
focal hemisphere, 222
focal mechanism, 219–29, 235–9
deep earthquakes, 312–14
intermediate earthquakes, 312–14
ridge-transform earthquakes, 298–9
focus, of earthquake see hypocenter
foot wall block, 218
football mode, 106
force couple, 241–2
force-feedback seismometer, 403
forecasting, earthquakes, 20–4, 278–81
foreshocks, 25
Fort Tejon earthquake (1857), 22, 279, 334
Fortran, for scientific programming, 467
forward problems, 6, 415
410-km discontinuity, 163–4, 170–1, 202, 205–6,
315–16, 395
Fourier analysis, 369–70
linear systems, 377–85
Fourier series, 370–2
Fourier transform, 94–5, 229, 372–5
delta functions, 375–7
Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT), 387–91
double Fourier transform, 146
Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), 389–90
finite length signals, 380–3
inverse Discrete Fourier Transform (IDFT),
388–9
properties of, 374–5
spatial, 145–6
fractal scaling, 274
fractional crystallization, 209n11
fracture, of rocks, 349–54
fracture strength, 349
fracture zone, 298
free oscillations, 36, 101
frequency domain, 373
frequency response, seismometer, 402
frequency–magnitude relations, earthquakes,
274–7
frequency–time domain equivalence, 229, 235,
373–4
Fresnel zone, 166, 188
friction, and earthquakes, 359–64
friction and fracture, in rocks, 350–4
fundamental modes
Love wave, 91–2, 96
spheroidal, 106
torsional, 105