4 Chalcophile (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn) …
55
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
1
20
15
10
5
0
MAPE 44.5745
MAD
1.3879
MSD
8.0796
Accuracy Measures
n
Pb
Actual
Fits
Variable
Spatial Analysis Plot for Pb
Linear Trend Model
Pb = 2.308 + 0.0335×n
Fig. 4.3 Spatial analysis plot of Pb
The spatial analysis plot of Pb (linear model) indicates a stable and homogenous
distribution of Pb throughout the country (Pb = 2.308 + 0.0335 × n, n represents the
number of sampling site) (Fig. 4.3) by indicating the Pb content in moss is mostly
derived from long-range atmospheric transport.
The distribution pattern of Pb in moss samples looks likely uniforms throughout
the whole territory. The main sources of Pb in Albania are traffic and industrial
emission sources. While the traffic shows a similar extent throughout the country,
some specific industrial activities are focused in the central part of the country (Lazo
et al. 2018). The outlier points with high Pb content are probably indicating the
local inputs of air pollution from industry, mining activity, traffic, geogenic factors
and crude oil industry. Soil geochemistry and mining activity may explain the high
levels recorded at specific point of St. 31 (Mirdita region). Next high contents of Pb
concentration were found in SE (St. 23 and 24) is probably linked with anthropogenic
emission from iron and steel metallurgy. High Pb content founded in Elbasan and
Librazhdi regions (St. 23, 24 and 31) are probably derived from local sources of steel,
iron and ferrochromium metallurgy, emission from the cement factory, as well as from
geogenic factors, mining industry and traffic emission. Thus, industrial emissions,
road transport, and long-range transport could be the main factors affecting higher
contents of Pb in these areas. Pb emissions from iron metallurgy in Elbasan area
should be in consideration due to the old technology used in this plant.
Moderate and significant correlation (r = 0.4 − 0.6, p < 0.005) were found between
Pb and Cu, Zn, Hg, Cd, Mg and Nd, and weak and significant correlation (r = 0.3 −
0.4, p < 0.01) with Sb, Mo, V, Li, Tm (see the Appendix, Tables A1 and A2).The
association of Pb with chalcophile (sulfide) elements such as Cu, Zn, Hg, Cd, Sb and
Mo is probably derived by mining activity, soil geochemistry and mineral wastes of
55
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
1
20
15
10
5
0
MAPE 44.5745
MAD
1.3879
MSD
8.0796
Accuracy Measures
n
Pb
Actual
Fits
Variable
Spatial Analysis Plot for Pb
Linear Trend Model
Pb = 2.308 + 0.0335×n
Fig. 4.3 Spatial analysis plot of Pb
The spatial analysis plot of Pb (linear model) indicates a stable and homogenous
distribution of Pb throughout the country (Pb = 2.308 + 0.0335 × n, n represents the
number of sampling site) (Fig. 4.3) by indicating the Pb content in moss is mostly
derived from long-range atmospheric transport.
The distribution pattern of Pb in moss samples looks likely uniforms throughout
the whole territory. The main sources of Pb in Albania are traffic and industrial
emission sources. While the traffic shows a similar extent throughout the country,
some specific industrial activities are focused in the central part of the country (Lazo
et al. 2018). The outlier points with high Pb content are probably indicating the
local inputs of air pollution from industry, mining activity, traffic, geogenic factors
and crude oil industry. Soil geochemistry and mining activity may explain the high
levels recorded at specific point of St. 31 (Mirdita region). Next high contents of Pb
concentration were found in SE (St. 23 and 24) is probably linked with anthropogenic
emission from iron and steel metallurgy. High Pb content founded in Elbasan and
Librazhdi regions (St. 23, 24 and 31) are probably derived from local sources of steel,
iron and ferrochromium metallurgy, emission from the cement factory, as well as from
geogenic factors, mining industry and traffic emission. Thus, industrial emissions,
road transport, and long-range transport could be the main factors affecting higher
contents of Pb in these areas. Pb emissions from iron metallurgy in Elbasan area
should be in consideration due to the old technology used in this plant.
Moderate and significant correlation (r = 0.4 − 0.6, p < 0.005) were found between
Pb and Cu, Zn, Hg, Cd, Mg and Nd, and weak and significant correlation (r = 0.3 −
0.4, p < 0.01) with Sb, Mo, V, Li, Tm (see the Appendix, Tables A1 and A2).The
association of Pb with chalcophile (sulfide) elements such as Cu, Zn, Hg, Cd, Sb and
Mo is probably derived by mining activity, soil geochemistry and mineral wastes of