4 Chalcophile (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn) …
53
indicates the important role of soil dust fine particles and longe-range transport from
the other part of Europe as the main sources of Cu. On the other hand, this group of
elements is also typical for traffic emission by indicating the role of traffic emission
as an addition source of Cu in moss samples.
4.2 Cadmium, Cd
Cadmium is a rare, but widely dispersed element of the earth’s crust. It shows similar
geochemical properties with Zn, Hg and In (UNEP 2013) and is often associated
with zinc ores (Cheng et al. 2014). Cd is a volatile element and its main anthropogenic atmospheric emissions are mostly derived from high-temperature processes,
such as coal and oil combustion in electric power stations and industrial plants,
roasting and smelting of ores in non-ferrous metal smelters, melting operations in
ferrous foundries, refuse incineration, and kiln operations in cement plants (Pacyna
and Pacyna 2001; UNEP 2013). Impacts of the former nonferrous metals smelting,
iron and steel manufacturing, cement production, coal and liquid fuels combustion,
biomass and municipal solid waste burning are the most important Cd sources in
Albania. Cd showed high variation (CV % = 88%) in present moss samples by indicating the effects of different factors. Its spatial distribution pattern looks likely
relatively stable over the country by indicating the effect of long-range atmospheric
transport from the other part of Europe. The differences observed among different
areas (Fig. 4.2) indicate the effects of additional local factors.
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
MAPE 57.8647
MAD
0.0735
MSD
0.0163
Accuracy Measures
n
Cd
Actual
Fits
Variable
Spatial Analysis Plot for Cd
Linear Trend Model
Cd = 0.1110 + 0.00144×n
Fig. 4.2 Spatial analysis plot of Cd
53
indicates the important role of soil dust fine particles and longe-range transport from
the other part of Europe as the main sources of Cu. On the other hand, this group of
elements is also typical for traffic emission by indicating the role of traffic emission
as an addition source of Cu in moss samples.
4.2 Cadmium, Cd
Cadmium is a rare, but widely dispersed element of the earth’s crust. It shows similar
geochemical properties with Zn, Hg and In (UNEP 2013) and is often associated
with zinc ores (Cheng et al. 2014). Cd is a volatile element and its main anthropogenic atmospheric emissions are mostly derived from high-temperature processes,
such as coal and oil combustion in electric power stations and industrial plants,
roasting and smelting of ores in non-ferrous metal smelters, melting operations in
ferrous foundries, refuse incineration, and kiln operations in cement plants (Pacyna
and Pacyna 2001; UNEP 2013). Impacts of the former nonferrous metals smelting,
iron and steel manufacturing, cement production, coal and liquid fuels combustion,
biomass and municipal solid waste burning are the most important Cd sources in
Albania. Cd showed high variation (CV % = 88%) in present moss samples by indicating the effects of different factors. Its spatial distribution pattern looks likely
relatively stable over the country by indicating the effect of long-range atmospheric
transport from the other part of Europe. The differences observed among different
areas (Fig. 4.2) indicate the effects of additional local factors.
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
MAPE 57.8647
MAD
0.0735
MSD
0.0163
Accuracy Measures
n
Cd
Actual
Fits
Variable
Spatial Analysis Plot for Cd
Linear Trend Model
Cd = 0.1110 + 0.00144×n
Fig. 4.2 Spatial analysis plot of Cd