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19. Jefferies D et al (2012) Water footprint and life cycle assessment as approaches to assess
potential impacts of products on water consumption. Key learning points from pilot studies on
tea and margarine. J Clean Prod 33:155–166
20. Kenway SJ, Lant PA, Priestley A, Daniels P (2011) The connection between water and energy
in cities: a review. Water Sci Technol 63(9):1983–1990
21. Kenway SJ, Mcmahon J, Elmer V, Conrad S, Rosenblum J (2013) Managing waterrelated
energy in future cities—a research and policy roadmap. J Water Clim Change 4(3):161–175
22. King CW, Stillwell AS, Twomey KM, Webber ME (2013) Coherence between water and energy
policies. Nat Resour J 53(1):117–215
23. Koehler A (2008) Water use in LCA: managing the planet’s freshwater resources. Int J Life
Cycle Assess 13(6):451–455
24. Leontief W (1970a) Environmental repercussions and the economic structure: an input—output
approach. Rev Econ Stat 52:262–277. Reprinted in Leontief W (1977) Essays in economics,
II. Basil Blackwell, Oxford; Leontief W (1986) Input—output economics, 2nd ed. Oxford
University Press, Oxford
25. Leontief W (1970b) The dynamic inverse. In: Carter AP, Brody A (eds) Contributions to input—
output analysis. North-Holland, Amsterdam, pp 17–46. Reprinted in Leontief W (1977) Essays
in economics, II. Basil Blackwell, Oxford; Leontief W (1986) Input—output economics, 2nd
edn, Oxford University Press, Oxford
26. Leontief W (1973) National income, economic structure and environmental externalities. In:
Studies in income and wealth, vol 38. In: Moss M (ed) The measurement of economic and social
performance. National Bureau of Economic Research, New York, pp 565–576. Reprinted in
Leontief W (1977) Essays in economics, II. Basil Blackwell, Oxford; Leontief W (1986)
Input—output economics, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford
27. Leontief W (1966) Input-output economics. Oxford University Press
28. Liao X, Chai L et al (2019) Life-cycle water uses for energy consumption of chinese households
from 2002 to 2015. J Environ Manag 231:989–995
29. Milà i Canals L et al (2009) Assessing freshwater use impacts in LCA: Part I—Inven-tory
modelling and characterisation factors for the main impact pathways. Int J Life Cycle Assess
14(1):28–42
30. Munksgaard J, Wier M, Lenzen M, Dey C (2005) Using input–output analysis to measure the
environmental pressure of consumption at different spatial levels. J Ind Ecol 9:169–186
31. Namchancharoen T (2015) The carbon and water footprint assessment of cassava-based
bioethanol production in Thailand. In: International institute of chemical, biological and environmental engineering. Proceedings of international conference on biological, environment
and food engineering (BEFE-2015, Singapore). International Institute of Chemical, Biological
and Environmental Engineering, 6
32. Postel SL, Daily GC, Ehrlich PR (1996) Human appropriation of renewable freshwater. Science
271:785–788
33. Stillwell AS, King CW, Webber ME, Duncan IJ, Hardberger A (2009) Energy-water nexus in
texas; environmental defense fund. University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
34. Su Y et al (2019) Water degradation by China’s fossil fuels production: a life cycle assessment
based on an input–output model. Sustainability (Basel, Switzerland) 11(15):4130
35. The Report of the Twelfth International Conference on Input- Output Techniques at New York
9(1), 50–52, 1999
36. Pacetti T, Lombardi L, Federici G (2015) Water–energy Nexus: a case of biogas production
from energy crops evaluated by Water Footprint and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methods.
J Clean Prod 084:278–291
37. U.S. Department of Energy. The water-energy nexus: challenges and opportunities. Washington
DC: Department of Energy; 2014
38. Venkatesh G, Chan A, Brattebo H (2014) Understanding the water–energy–carbon nexus in
urban water utilities: comparison of four city case studies and the relevant influencing factors.
Energy 75:153–166
L. Chai et al.
19. Jefferies D et al (2012) Water footprint and life cycle assessment as approaches to assess
potential impacts of products on water consumption. Key learning points from pilot studies on
tea and margarine. J Clean Prod 33:155–166
20. Kenway SJ, Lant PA, Priestley A, Daniels P (2011) The connection between water and energy
in cities: a review. Water Sci Technol 63(9):1983–1990
21. Kenway SJ, Mcmahon J, Elmer V, Conrad S, Rosenblum J (2013) Managing waterrelated
energy in future cities—a research and policy roadmap. J Water Clim Change 4(3):161–175
22. King CW, Stillwell AS, Twomey KM, Webber ME (2013) Coherence between water and energy
policies. Nat Resour J 53(1):117–215
23. Koehler A (2008) Water use in LCA: managing the planet’s freshwater resources. Int J Life
Cycle Assess 13(6):451–455
24. Leontief W (1970a) Environmental repercussions and the economic structure: an input—output
approach. Rev Econ Stat 52:262–277. Reprinted in Leontief W (1977) Essays in economics,
II. Basil Blackwell, Oxford; Leontief W (1986) Input—output economics, 2nd ed. Oxford
University Press, Oxford
25. Leontief W (1970b) The dynamic inverse. In: Carter AP, Brody A (eds) Contributions to input—
output analysis. North-Holland, Amsterdam, pp 17–46. Reprinted in Leontief W (1977) Essays
in economics, II. Basil Blackwell, Oxford; Leontief W (1986) Input—output economics, 2nd
edn, Oxford University Press, Oxford
26. Leontief W (1973) National income, economic structure and environmental externalities. In:
Studies in income and wealth, vol 38. In: Moss M (ed) The measurement of economic and social
performance. National Bureau of Economic Research, New York, pp 565–576. Reprinted in
Leontief W (1977) Essays in economics, II. Basil Blackwell, Oxford; Leontief W (1986)
Input—output economics, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford
27. Leontief W (1966) Input-output economics. Oxford University Press
28. Liao X, Chai L et al (2019) Life-cycle water uses for energy consumption of chinese households
from 2002 to 2015. J Environ Manag 231:989–995
29. Milà i Canals L et al (2009) Assessing freshwater use impacts in LCA: Part I—Inven-tory
modelling and characterisation factors for the main impact pathways. Int J Life Cycle Assess
14(1):28–42
30. Munksgaard J, Wier M, Lenzen M, Dey C (2005) Using input–output analysis to measure the
environmental pressure of consumption at different spatial levels. J Ind Ecol 9:169–186
31. Namchancharoen T (2015) The carbon and water footprint assessment of cassava-based
bioethanol production in Thailand. In: International institute of chemical, biological and environmental engineering. Proceedings of international conference on biological, environment
and food engineering (BEFE-2015, Singapore). International Institute of Chemical, Biological
and Environmental Engineering, 6
32. Postel SL, Daily GC, Ehrlich PR (1996) Human appropriation of renewable freshwater. Science
271:785–788
33. Stillwell AS, King CW, Webber ME, Duncan IJ, Hardberger A (2009) Energy-water nexus in
texas; environmental defense fund. University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
34. Su Y et al (2019) Water degradation by China’s fossil fuels production: a life cycle assessment
based on an input–output model. Sustainability (Basel, Switzerland) 11(15):4130
35. The Report of the Twelfth International Conference on Input- Output Techniques at New York
9(1), 50–52, 1999
36. Pacetti T, Lombardi L, Federici G (2015) Water–energy Nexus: a case of biogas production
from energy crops evaluated by Water Footprint and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methods.
J Clean Prod 084:278–291
37. U.S. Department of Energy. The water-energy nexus: challenges and opportunities. Washington
DC: Department of Energy; 2014
38. Venkatesh G, Chan A, Brattebo H (2014) Understanding the water–energy–carbon nexus in
urban water utilities: comparison of four city case studies and the relevant influencing factors.
Energy 75:153–166