152
P. S. Kumar et al.
considered. Then, the overall index system of water consumption of steel industry
will be re-evaluated.
The life cycle assessment community has enhanced the development of water
footprint to better evaluate the impacts of industrial products on the environment
within the product life cycle. This concept has led to an emergence status since
his first presentation in an international expert meeting on virtual water trade in
December 2002 in Deft, Netherlands. Despite critics received from LCA, the water
footprint has developed a strongly methodological scheme based on the following
methodologies:
• Setting the scope of analysis;
• Accounting;
• Sustainability assessment;
• Response formulation.
It is therefore well known although life cycle assessment and water footprint have
different roots, they can be put together to efficiently deal with water footprint in
steel industry.
The summation approach and the stepwise accumulative approach are the most
common methods used to evaluate the water footprint. Though water footprint
comprises gray water footprint, blue water footprint, and green water footprint,
their simple summation although bringing useful information for only one product,
is not environmentally suitable for manufacturers. Moreover, industries generally
don’t possess their rainwater harvesting system, the green water is therefore not
considered. However, the stepwise accumulative water refers to a general calculation of water footprint depending on the water footprint of the final steps in the
production of final and required products and also on the water footprint calculation in the processing steps [19], then suitable for complicated products chain like
steel industry. The different elements of a steel production chain (smelting refining,
continuous casting, rolling along with other processes) are interrelated, so their water
used should be individually taken into account.
The water consumption footprint can be calculated by the following formula:
WCF = DWF + VWF.
where WCF is the water consumption footprint, DWF is the direct water footprint,
and VWF is the virtual water footprint. The direct water footprint can also be obtained
by.
DWF = WF obtained – WF D-discharge – WF loss .
where WF obtained is the amount of water obtained, WF D-discharge is the amount of
direct water discharge, and WF loss is the loss caused by evaporation, infiltration, and
by-products.
In steel industry, water footprints consist of natural gas mining and processing,
electricity generation, coal mining, iron ore mining, limestone mining, transportation,
and employees’ meal which water footprint values are presented as follows [17]:
• Natural gas mining and processing: 9.251 × 10
–3 (m
3 /m
3 )
• Electricity generation: 1.8 m
3 /MWh
P. S. Kumar et al.
considered. Then, the overall index system of water consumption of steel industry
will be re-evaluated.
The life cycle assessment community has enhanced the development of water
footprint to better evaluate the impacts of industrial products on the environment
within the product life cycle. This concept has led to an emergence status since
his first presentation in an international expert meeting on virtual water trade in
December 2002 in Deft, Netherlands. Despite critics received from LCA, the water
footprint has developed a strongly methodological scheme based on the following
methodologies:
• Setting the scope of analysis;
• Accounting;
• Sustainability assessment;
• Response formulation.
It is therefore well known although life cycle assessment and water footprint have
different roots, they can be put together to efficiently deal with water footprint in
steel industry.
The summation approach and the stepwise accumulative approach are the most
common methods used to evaluate the water footprint. Though water footprint
comprises gray water footprint, blue water footprint, and green water footprint,
their simple summation although bringing useful information for only one product,
is not environmentally suitable for manufacturers. Moreover, industries generally
don’t possess their rainwater harvesting system, the green water is therefore not
considered. However, the stepwise accumulative water refers to a general calculation of water footprint depending on the water footprint of the final steps in the
production of final and required products and also on the water footprint calculation in the processing steps [19], then suitable for complicated products chain like
steel industry. The different elements of a steel production chain (smelting refining,
continuous casting, rolling along with other processes) are interrelated, so their water
used should be individually taken into account.
The water consumption footprint can be calculated by the following formula:
WCF = DWF + VWF.
where WCF is the water consumption footprint, DWF is the direct water footprint,
and VWF is the virtual water footprint. The direct water footprint can also be obtained
by.
DWF = WF obtained – WF D-discharge – WF loss .
where WF obtained is the amount of water obtained, WF D-discharge is the amount of
direct water discharge, and WF loss is the loss caused by evaporation, infiltration, and
by-products.
In steel industry, water footprints consist of natural gas mining and processing,
electricity generation, coal mining, iron ore mining, limestone mining, transportation,
and employees’ meal which water footprint values are presented as follows [17]:
• Natural gas mining and processing: 9.251 × 10
–3 (m
3 /m
3 )
• Electricity generation: 1.8 m
3 /MWh