10.9 Conclusion
229
10.9 Conclusion
Aquatic plants and algae are a rich source of proteins. While they are not a total source
of proteins, they can be used to augment dietary protein requirement and serve as
a relatively cheap and abundant source of protein for direct and indirect human
consumption. The higher biomass accumulation rate and higher quality of protein of
aquatic plants and algae compared to terrestrial crops give them an advantage. Beyond
food, these aquatic polymers also have important bioactive properties such antiviral
and antihypertensive activities which make them applicable as nutraceuticals and in
the potential future clinical applications such as HIV prevention.
References
Adeyemi O, Osubor CC (2016) Assessment of nutritional quality of water hyacinth protein
concentrate. Eqypt J Aquat Res 42:269–272
Aguilera-Morales ME, Canales-Martinez MM, Avila-Gonzalez E, Flores-Ortiz CM (2018) Nutrients and bioactive compounds of Lemna gibba and Ulva lactuca as possible ingredients to
functional foods. Latin Am J Aquat Res 46(4):709–716
Alexandre KB, Gray ES, Lambson BE, Moore PL, Choge IA, Mlisana K, Abdool Karim SS,
McMahon J, O’Keefe B, Chikwamba R, Morris L (2010) Mannose-rich glycosylation patterns
on HIV-1 subtype C gp120 and sensitivity to the lectins, griffithsin, cyanovirin-N and scytovirin.
Virology 402(1):187–196
Allen V, Pond K, Saker K, Fontenot J, Bagley C, Ivy R, Evans R, Brown C, Miller M, Montgomery
J (2001) Tasco-Forage: III. Influence of a seaweed extract on performance, monocyte immune
cell response, and carcass characteristics in feedlot-finished steers. J Anim Sci 79:1032–1040
Anderson DW, Tang CS, Ross E (1991) The xanthophylls of Spirulina and their effect on egg-yolk
pigmentation. Poult Sci 70:115–119
Aneiros A, Garateix A (2004) Bioactive peptides from marine sources: pharmacological properties
and isolation procedures. J Chromatogr B 803:41–53
Barba FJ, Grimi N, Vorobiev E (2015) New approaches for the use of non-conventional cell disruption technologies to extract potential food additives and nutraceuticals from microalgae. Food
Eng Rev 7:45–62
Barbarino E, Lourenço SO (2005) An evaluation of methods for extraction and quantification of
protein from marine macro- and microalgae. J Appl Phycol 17:447–460
Becker E (2007) Micro-algae as a source of protein. Biotechnol Adv 25:207–210
Bleakley S, Hayes M (2017) Algal proteins: extraction, application, and challenges concerning
production. Foods 6:33 (1–34). https://doi.org/10.3390/foods6050033
Boisen S, Eggum B (1991) Critical evaluation of in vitro methods for estimating digestibility in
simple-stomach animals. Nutr Res Rev 4:141–162
Braden K, Blanton J, Allen V, Pond K, Miller M (2004) Ascophyllum nodosum supplementation:
a preharvest intervention for reducing Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella spp. in feedlot
steers. J Food Proteins 67:1824–1828
Brouwer P, Nierop KGJ, Huijgen WJJ, Schluepmann H (2019) Aquatic weeds as novel protein
sources: alkaline extraction of tannin-rich Azolla. Biotechnol Rep E00368 (in press)
Choudhury S, Sarkar NS (2017) Algae as a source of natural flavour enhancers—a mini review.
Plant Sci Today 4(40):172–176
Chuntapa B, Powtongsook S, Menasveta P (2003) Water quality control using Spirulina platensis
in shrimp culture tanks. Aquaculture 220:355–366
229
10.9 Conclusion
Aquatic plants and algae are a rich source of proteins. While they are not a total source
of proteins, they can be used to augment dietary protein requirement and serve as
a relatively cheap and abundant source of protein for direct and indirect human
consumption. The higher biomass accumulation rate and higher quality of protein of
aquatic plants and algae compared to terrestrial crops give them an advantage. Beyond
food, these aquatic polymers also have important bioactive properties such antiviral
and antihypertensive activities which make them applicable as nutraceuticals and in
the potential future clinical applications such as HIV prevention.
References
Adeyemi O, Osubor CC (2016) Assessment of nutritional quality of water hyacinth protein
concentrate. Eqypt J Aquat Res 42:269–272
Aguilera-Morales ME, Canales-Martinez MM, Avila-Gonzalez E, Flores-Ortiz CM (2018) Nutrients and bioactive compounds of Lemna gibba and Ulva lactuca as possible ingredients to
functional foods. Latin Am J Aquat Res 46(4):709–716
Alexandre KB, Gray ES, Lambson BE, Moore PL, Choge IA, Mlisana K, Abdool Karim SS,
McMahon J, O’Keefe B, Chikwamba R, Morris L (2010) Mannose-rich glycosylation patterns
on HIV-1 subtype C gp120 and sensitivity to the lectins, griffithsin, cyanovirin-N and scytovirin.
Virology 402(1):187–196
Allen V, Pond K, Saker K, Fontenot J, Bagley C, Ivy R, Evans R, Brown C, Miller M, Montgomery
J (2001) Tasco-Forage: III. Influence of a seaweed extract on performance, monocyte immune
cell response, and carcass characteristics in feedlot-finished steers. J Anim Sci 79:1032–1040
Anderson DW, Tang CS, Ross E (1991) The xanthophylls of Spirulina and their effect on egg-yolk
pigmentation. Poult Sci 70:115–119
Aneiros A, Garateix A (2004) Bioactive peptides from marine sources: pharmacological properties
and isolation procedures. J Chromatogr B 803:41–53
Barba FJ, Grimi N, Vorobiev E (2015) New approaches for the use of non-conventional cell disruption technologies to extract potential food additives and nutraceuticals from microalgae. Food
Eng Rev 7:45–62
Barbarino E, Lourenço SO (2005) An evaluation of methods for extraction and quantification of
protein from marine macro- and microalgae. J Appl Phycol 17:447–460
Becker E (2007) Micro-algae as a source of protein. Biotechnol Adv 25:207–210
Bleakley S, Hayes M (2017) Algal proteins: extraction, application, and challenges concerning
production. Foods 6:33 (1–34). https://doi.org/10.3390/foods6050033
Boisen S, Eggum B (1991) Critical evaluation of in vitro methods for estimating digestibility in
simple-stomach animals. Nutr Res Rev 4:141–162
Braden K, Blanton J, Allen V, Pond K, Miller M (2004) Ascophyllum nodosum supplementation:
a preharvest intervention for reducing Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella spp. in feedlot
steers. J Food Proteins 67:1824–1828
Brouwer P, Nierop KGJ, Huijgen WJJ, Schluepmann H (2019) Aquatic weeds as novel protein
sources: alkaline extraction of tannin-rich Azolla. Biotechnol Rep E00368 (in press)
Choudhury S, Sarkar NS (2017) Algae as a source of natural flavour enhancers—a mini review.
Plant Sci Today 4(40):172–176
Chuntapa B, Powtongsook S, Menasveta P (2003) Water quality control using Spirulina platensis
in shrimp culture tanks. Aquaculture 220:355–366