6.9 Conclusion
143
resource since it makes up a relatively large proportion of the red algae composition.
Although the majority of commercial applications of carrageenan mainly relies on
its rheological properties, carrageenan has some promising bioactivities which are
being investigated. Carrageenans with bioactive properties have a promising future in
developing multifunctional products such as food additives which also have health
benefits. While carrageenan itself as a polymer is a renewable resource produced
from red algae and the product itself has no toxic effect on the environment, the
process of production requires fossil energy consumption and use of chemicals which
might have less benign effects. Some of these environmental impacts of carrageenan
production process can be minimized by using milder and higher yielding processes
such as enzyme-assisted extraction and integration of algae cultivation process in the
wastewater treatment.
References
Chibata I, Tosa T, Sato T, Takata I (1987) Immobilization of cells in carrageenan. Methods Enzymol
135:189–198
Davidson RL (ed) (1980) Handbook of water-soluble gums. New York McGraw-Hill Book Co.
Doyle JP, Giannouli P, Rudolph B, Morris ER (2010) Preparation, authentication, rheology and
conformation of theta carrageenan. Carbohyd Polym 80:648–654
Eisses J (1952) The research of gelatinous substances in Indonesian seaweeds at the laboratory for
chemical research. Bogor J Sci Res Indon 1:44–49
FAO (2018) The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2018—Meeting the sustainable development goals. Rome. CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO
Ferreira LG, Noseda MD, Goncalves AG, Ducati DRB, Fujii MT, Duarte MER (2012) Chemical structure of the complex pyruvylated and sulfated agaran from the red seaweed Palisada
flagellifera (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta). Carbohyd Res 347:83–94
Funami T, Hiroe M, Noda S, Asai I, Ikeda S, Nishinari K (2007) Influence of molecular structure
imaged with atomic force microscopy on the rheological behavior of carrageenan aqueous systems
in the presence or absence of cations. Food Hydrocolloids 21:617–629
Ghani NAA, Othaman R, Ahmad A, Anuar FH, Hassan NH (2019) Impact of purification on iota
carrageenan as solid polymer electrolyte. Arab J Chem 12:370–376
Ghosh A, Anand VKG, Seth A (2015) Life cycle impact assessment of seaweed based biostimulant production from onshore cultivated Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty ex Silva—is it
environmentally sustainable? Algal Res 12:513–521
Gonçalves AG, Ducatti DRB, Paranha RG, Duarte MER, Noseda MD (2005) Positional isomers
of sulfated oligosaccharides obtained from agarans and carrageenans: preparation and capillary
electrophoresis separation. Carbohydr Res 340:2123–2134
Graham HD (1977) Food colloids. AVI Publishing Co., Inc., Westport, Connecticut
Iglauer S, Wu Y, Schuler P, Tang Y (2011) Goddard III WA. Dilute iota- and Kappa-Carrageenan
Solutions with high viscosities in high salinity brines. J Petrol Sci Eng 75:304–311
Jiao G, Yu G, Zhang J, Ewart HS (2011) Chemical structures and bioactivities of sulfated
polysaccharides from marine algae. Mar Drugs 9:196–223
Long J, Xu E, Xingfei, Wu Z, Wang F, Xu X, Jin Z, Jiao A, Zhan X (2016) Effect of chitosan molecular weight on the formation of chitosan- pullulanase soluble complexes and their application in
the immobilization of pullulanase onto Fe 3 O 4 -k-carrageenan nanoparticles 202:49–58
Luong JH (1985) Cell Immobilization in kappa carrageenan for ethanol production. Biotechnol
Bioeng 27(12):1651–1661
143
resource since it makes up a relatively large proportion of the red algae composition.
Although the majority of commercial applications of carrageenan mainly relies on
its rheological properties, carrageenan has some promising bioactivities which are
being investigated. Carrageenans with bioactive properties have a promising future in
developing multifunctional products such as food additives which also have health
benefits. While carrageenan itself as a polymer is a renewable resource produced
from red algae and the product itself has no toxic effect on the environment, the
process of production requires fossil energy consumption and use of chemicals which
might have less benign effects. Some of these environmental impacts of carrageenan
production process can be minimized by using milder and higher yielding processes
such as enzyme-assisted extraction and integration of algae cultivation process in the
wastewater treatment.
References
Chibata I, Tosa T, Sato T, Takata I (1987) Immobilization of cells in carrageenan. Methods Enzymol
135:189–198
Davidson RL (ed) (1980) Handbook of water-soluble gums. New York McGraw-Hill Book Co.
Doyle JP, Giannouli P, Rudolph B, Morris ER (2010) Preparation, authentication, rheology and
conformation of theta carrageenan. Carbohyd Polym 80:648–654
Eisses J (1952) The research of gelatinous substances in Indonesian seaweeds at the laboratory for
chemical research. Bogor J Sci Res Indon 1:44–49
FAO (2018) The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2018—Meeting the sustainable development goals. Rome. CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO
Ferreira LG, Noseda MD, Goncalves AG, Ducati DRB, Fujii MT, Duarte MER (2012) Chemical structure of the complex pyruvylated and sulfated agaran from the red seaweed Palisada
flagellifera (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta). Carbohyd Res 347:83–94
Funami T, Hiroe M, Noda S, Asai I, Ikeda S, Nishinari K (2007) Influence of molecular structure
imaged with atomic force microscopy on the rheological behavior of carrageenan aqueous systems
in the presence or absence of cations. Food Hydrocolloids 21:617–629
Ghani NAA, Othaman R, Ahmad A, Anuar FH, Hassan NH (2019) Impact of purification on iota
carrageenan as solid polymer electrolyte. Arab J Chem 12:370–376
Ghosh A, Anand VKG, Seth A (2015) Life cycle impact assessment of seaweed based biostimulant production from onshore cultivated Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty ex Silva—is it
environmentally sustainable? Algal Res 12:513–521
Gonçalves AG, Ducatti DRB, Paranha RG, Duarte MER, Noseda MD (2005) Positional isomers
of sulfated oligosaccharides obtained from agarans and carrageenans: preparation and capillary
electrophoresis separation. Carbohydr Res 340:2123–2134
Graham HD (1977) Food colloids. AVI Publishing Co., Inc., Westport, Connecticut
Iglauer S, Wu Y, Schuler P, Tang Y (2011) Goddard III WA. Dilute iota- and Kappa-Carrageenan
Solutions with high viscosities in high salinity brines. J Petrol Sci Eng 75:304–311
Jiao G, Yu G, Zhang J, Ewart HS (2011) Chemical structures and bioactivities of sulfated
polysaccharides from marine algae. Mar Drugs 9:196–223
Long J, Xu E, Xingfei, Wu Z, Wang F, Xu X, Jin Z, Jiao A, Zhan X (2016) Effect of chitosan molecular weight on the formation of chitosan- pullulanase soluble complexes and their application in
the immobilization of pullulanase onto Fe 3 O 4 -k-carrageenan nanoparticles 202:49–58
Luong JH (1985) Cell Immobilization in kappa carrageenan for ethanol production. Biotechnol
Bioeng 27(12):1651–1661