2018; Shak et al. 2018; Sheikhi 2019). The time required may vary from a few
minutes to a couple of hours. On a similar note, cadmium, cobalt, copper, chromium,
iron, nickel, silver, uranium oxide, and zinc have been the targets for pristine CNF,
aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES)-modified, carboxylated, carbonated hydroxyapatite (CHA)-modified, phosphorylated, succinic anhydride-grafted and sulfonated
CNFs, as well as CNFs-filled magnetic chitosan hydrogel beads (Mohammed et al.
2018; Zhou et al. 2014).
Mohammed et al. (2018) had also highlighted that CNC and its various
nanocomposites find applications in addressing contamination and ensuring
removal of sulfamethoxazole (an antibiotic); acetaminophen (an analgesic and
antipyretic); biomolecules like hemoglobin, creatinine, trypsin, and immunoglobulin
G; as well as substances like N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (a prime component in
insect repellents) and chlorpyrifos (an organophosphate pesticide). The use of
APTES, CHA, epoxy, hydroxycarbonate apatite (HAP) and modified CNF has
Fig. 4.5 Schematic diagram showing the various types of CN-based systems having catalytic and
disinfectant properties. (Reproduced with permission from Mohammed et al. 2018, Copyright
© 2018, Royal Society of Chemistry)
80
E. M. Abda and R. Konwarh
minutes to a couple of hours. On a similar note, cadmium, cobalt, copper, chromium,
iron, nickel, silver, uranium oxide, and zinc have been the targets for pristine CNF,
aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES)-modified, carboxylated, carbonated hydroxyapatite (CHA)-modified, phosphorylated, succinic anhydride-grafted and sulfonated
CNFs, as well as CNFs-filled magnetic chitosan hydrogel beads (Mohammed et al.
2018; Zhou et al. 2014).
Mohammed et al. (2018) had also highlighted that CNC and its various
nanocomposites find applications in addressing contamination and ensuring
removal of sulfamethoxazole (an antibiotic); acetaminophen (an analgesic and
antipyretic); biomolecules like hemoglobin, creatinine, trypsin, and immunoglobulin
G; as well as substances like N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (a prime component in
insect repellents) and chlorpyrifos (an organophosphate pesticide). The use of
APTES, CHA, epoxy, hydroxycarbonate apatite (HAP) and modified CNF has
Fig. 4.5 Schematic diagram showing the various types of CN-based systems having catalytic and
disinfectant properties. (Reproduced with permission from Mohammed et al. 2018, Copyright
© 2018, Royal Society of Chemistry)
80
E. M. Abda and R. Konwarh