microbial), physical (wet oxidation, irradiation, milling), and thermal (steam explosion, hydrothermal), are present. However, each of these pretreatment techniques has
their drawbacks: for instance, chemical methods are expensive and most appropriate
for high-value paper products; biological methods require an extensive residence
time; the physical and irradiation pretreatments are power demanding and do not
eliminate the lignin; hot water and steam explosion pretreatment methods are
measured as very positive; however, they need a high amount of pressure/temperature and use of a catalyst (Bernardo et al. 2019).
Fig. 3.2 Process flow diagram of bioethanol production from wheat straw using ionic liquid
solvents (Swain et al. 2019)
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I. Neme and C. Masi
their drawbacks: for instance, chemical methods are expensive and most appropriate
for high-value paper products; biological methods require an extensive residence
time; the physical and irradiation pretreatments are power demanding and do not
eliminate the lignin; hot water and steam explosion pretreatment methods are
measured as very positive; however, they need a high amount of pressure/temperature and use of a catalyst (Bernardo et al. 2019).
Fig. 3.2 Process flow diagram of bioethanol production from wheat straw using ionic liquid
solvents (Swain et al. 2019)
54
I. Neme and C. Masi