economic properties of plants, genetic engineering is the most powerful tool to
develop plants for achieving this purpose. Jatropha curcas is a potential biodiesel
crop that contains toxic compounds such as curcin, phorbol esters, trypsin inhibitors,
lectin, and phytate (Annarao et al. 2008). The explants of J. curcas (leaf, cotyledons,
and embryonic axes) were treated with A. rhizogenes and gene transformed cultures
were undergoing to direct or indirect organogenesis. After the organogenesis, the
foreign genes were integrated into transformed plant shoots (Habibi et al. 2017).
Only a few reports are focused on developing plant varieties for biofuel production,
researchers may focus on HRs for increasing the biodiesel production.
3 Hairy Roots Versus Normal Roots
A. rhizogenes is established for the HRs induction of plants that helps to produce
plentiful adventitious roots (Largia et al. 2016). The HRs can be developed in vitro,
without the rhizogenic bacterium, and they usually grow greater than regular roots of
the identical plant. Plant roots help mainly in phytoextraction process by acting as a
channel for the absorption of contaminants, which is then translocated through the
vascular system and concentrated in plant harvestable tissues (Doty 2008). Since,
biotransformation is a technique of altering the functional groups of xenobiotics to
produce specific products, the use of enzymes to remediate the contaminants was
reported by Krings and Berger (1998). Prior to entering the pollutants and at the later
stage to the root system, the contaminants may turn into the target for decontamination through internal plant metabolites in a method known as phytodegradation
(Boominathan et al. 2004). Since the root system is the key source for up taking the
contaminants either in the soil or water, it may provide a key point for the assessment
of the phytoremediation potential (Suza et al. 2008). Investigations by many
researchers effectively investigated the mechanism (Table 2.1) for accumulation,
absorption, distribution, tolerance, and detoxification of lethal compounds through
HRCs. Talano et al. (2020) reported that bioremediation study using HR system will
be beneficial to measure the potential of certain plant species and to estimate the
outcome of natural roots that are indirectly attached to ground soil and its hazardous
pollutants. They have advantages like a wider area of exterior contact between
pollutants and tissues, rapid in vitro growth, and greater genetic as well as metabolic
balance with respect to its wild type roots. In addition, HRs have the ability to take
up a high concentration of toxins without any adverse effects in comparison with
normal roots. More differences between wild type and HRs were tabulated in
Table 2.2. Most of the reports about HRs induction through A. rhizogenes proved
that the transformed HRCs showed higher root biomass contrary to normal root
biomass, and the ratio of lateral root formation is very rapid in HRCs than normal
cultures on hormone-free culture media (Rency et al. 2019). Normal roots also can
induce SMs, however, the HRCs show much more growth kinetics concerning its
40
A. K. Moola et al.
develop plants for achieving this purpose. Jatropha curcas is a potential biodiesel
crop that contains toxic compounds such as curcin, phorbol esters, trypsin inhibitors,
lectin, and phytate (Annarao et al. 2008). The explants of J. curcas (leaf, cotyledons,
and embryonic axes) were treated with A. rhizogenes and gene transformed cultures
were undergoing to direct or indirect organogenesis. After the organogenesis, the
foreign genes were integrated into transformed plant shoots (Habibi et al. 2017).
Only a few reports are focused on developing plant varieties for biofuel production,
researchers may focus on HRs for increasing the biodiesel production.
3 Hairy Roots Versus Normal Roots
A. rhizogenes is established for the HRs induction of plants that helps to produce
plentiful adventitious roots (Largia et al. 2016). The HRs can be developed in vitro,
without the rhizogenic bacterium, and they usually grow greater than regular roots of
the identical plant. Plant roots help mainly in phytoextraction process by acting as a
channel for the absorption of contaminants, which is then translocated through the
vascular system and concentrated in plant harvestable tissues (Doty 2008). Since,
biotransformation is a technique of altering the functional groups of xenobiotics to
produce specific products, the use of enzymes to remediate the contaminants was
reported by Krings and Berger (1998). Prior to entering the pollutants and at the later
stage to the root system, the contaminants may turn into the target for decontamination through internal plant metabolites in a method known as phytodegradation
(Boominathan et al. 2004). Since the root system is the key source for up taking the
contaminants either in the soil or water, it may provide a key point for the assessment
of the phytoremediation potential (Suza et al. 2008). Investigations by many
researchers effectively investigated the mechanism (Table 2.1) for accumulation,
absorption, distribution, tolerance, and detoxification of lethal compounds through
HRCs. Talano et al. (2020) reported that bioremediation study using HR system will
be beneficial to measure the potential of certain plant species and to estimate the
outcome of natural roots that are indirectly attached to ground soil and its hazardous
pollutants. They have advantages like a wider area of exterior contact between
pollutants and tissues, rapid in vitro growth, and greater genetic as well as metabolic
balance with respect to its wild type roots. In addition, HRs have the ability to take
up a high concentration of toxins without any adverse effects in comparison with
normal roots. More differences between wild type and HRs were tabulated in
Table 2.2. Most of the reports about HRs induction through A. rhizogenes proved
that the transformed HRCs showed higher root biomass contrary to normal root
biomass, and the ratio of lateral root formation is very rapid in HRCs than normal
cultures on hormone-free culture media (Rency et al. 2019). Normal roots also can
induce SMs, however, the HRCs show much more growth kinetics concerning its
40
A. K. Moola et al.