protection of different diseases as an eco-friendly approach. Beyond the experimental level, the real application of biotechnological techniques as the alternative
approach of agrochemicals must be the future focus of biotechnology to ensure
sustainable agriculture.
References
Agrama HA, Yan W, Jia M, Fjellstrom R, McClung AM (2010) Genetic structure associated with
diversity and geographic distribution in the USDA rice world collection. Nat Sci 2:247–291
Avidano L, Gamalero E, Cossa GP, Carraro E (2005) Characterization of soil health in an Italian
polluted site by using microorganisms as bioindicators. Appl Soil Ecol 30:21–33
Balezentiene L, Klimas E (2009) Effect of organic and mineral fertilizers and land management on
soil enzyme activities. Agron Res 7(Special issue I):191–197
Barfoot P, Brookes G (2014) Key global environmental impacts of genetically modified (GM) crop
use 1996–2012. GM Crops 5:149–160
Bliev UK, Martynov AN, Zarkov AV, Maximova LI (1985) Effect of verpa preparation on the
fertility of soddypodzolic soil. Agrochimica 2:97–100
Borges F, Martienssen RA (2015) The expanding world of small RNAs in plants. Nat Rev Mol Cell
Biol 16:727–741
Bouwman AF, Boumans LJM, Batjes NH (2002) Emissions of N2O and NO from fertilised fields:
summary of available measurement data. Glob Biogeochem Cycles 16:6–13
Brookes G, Barfoot P (2016) Environmental impacts of genetically modified (GM) crop use
1996–2014: impacts on pesticide use and carbon emissions. GM Crops Food 7(2):84–116.
https://doi.org/10.1080/21645698.2016.1192754
Buckler ES et al (2009) The genetic architecture of maize flowering time. Science 325:714–718
Cagliari D, Santos EAD, Dias N, Smagghe G, Zotti M (2018) Modulating gene expression –
abridging the RNAi and CRISPR-Cas9 technologies. In: Singh A, Khan MW (eds)
Nontransformative strategies for RNAi in crop protection. IntechOpen, London, pp 1–18.
https://doi.org/10.5772/32009. Cappelle K, De Oliveira CFR, Van Eynde B, Christiaens O,
Smagghe
Cai Q, He B, Kogel KH, Jin H (2018) Cross-kingdom RNA trafficking and environmental RNAinature’s blueprint for modern crop protection strategies. Curr Opin Microbiol 46:58–64
Cagliari D, Dias NP, Galdeano DM, dos Santos EÁ, Smagghe G and Zotti MJ (2019) Management
of Pest Insects and Plant Diseases by NonTransformative RNAi. Front Plant Sci 10:1319.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.01319
Campos-de Quiroz H (2002) Plant genomics: an overview. Biol Res 35:385–399
Castel SE, Martienssen RA (2013) RNA interference in the nucleus: roles for small RNAs in
transcription, epigenetics and beyond. Nat Rev Genet 14(2):100–112
Chen SK, Edwards CA, Subler S (2001) Effects of the fungicides benomyl, captan and
chlorothalonil on soil microbial activity and nitrogen dynamics in laboratory incubations. Soil
Biol Biochem 33:1971–1980
Chin JH, Gamuyao R, Dalid C, Bustamam M, Prasetiyono J, Moeljopawiro S, Wissuwa M, Heuer S
(2011) Developing rice with high yield under phosphorus deficiency: Pup1 sequence to
application. Plant Physiol 156:1202–1216
Chithrameenal K, Vellaikumar S, Ramalingam J (2017) Identification of rice (Oryza sativa L.)
genotypes with high phosphorus use efficiency (PUE) under field and hydroponic conditions.
Indian Res J Genet Biotechnol 9:23–37
Cho YI, Jiang WZ, Chin JH, Piao Z, Cho YG, McCouch S, Koh HJ (2007) Identification of QTLs
associated with physiological nitrogen use efficiency in rice. Mol Cell 23:72–79
20 The Potential of Biotechnology on Soil Quality by Minimizing Agrochemical. . .
425
approach of agrochemicals must be the future focus of biotechnology to ensure
sustainable agriculture.
References
Agrama HA, Yan W, Jia M, Fjellstrom R, McClung AM (2010) Genetic structure associated with
diversity and geographic distribution in the USDA rice world collection. Nat Sci 2:247–291
Avidano L, Gamalero E, Cossa GP, Carraro E (2005) Characterization of soil health in an Italian
polluted site by using microorganisms as bioindicators. Appl Soil Ecol 30:21–33
Balezentiene L, Klimas E (2009) Effect of organic and mineral fertilizers and land management on
soil enzyme activities. Agron Res 7(Special issue I):191–197
Barfoot P, Brookes G (2014) Key global environmental impacts of genetically modified (GM) crop
use 1996–2012. GM Crops 5:149–160
Bliev UK, Martynov AN, Zarkov AV, Maximova LI (1985) Effect of verpa preparation on the
fertility of soddypodzolic soil. Agrochimica 2:97–100
Borges F, Martienssen RA (2015) The expanding world of small RNAs in plants. Nat Rev Mol Cell
Biol 16:727–741
Bouwman AF, Boumans LJM, Batjes NH (2002) Emissions of N2O and NO from fertilised fields:
summary of available measurement data. Glob Biogeochem Cycles 16:6–13
Brookes G, Barfoot P (2016) Environmental impacts of genetically modified (GM) crop use
1996–2014: impacts on pesticide use and carbon emissions. GM Crops Food 7(2):84–116.
https://doi.org/10.1080/21645698.2016.1192754
Buckler ES et al (2009) The genetic architecture of maize flowering time. Science 325:714–718
Cagliari D, Santos EAD, Dias N, Smagghe G, Zotti M (2018) Modulating gene expression –
abridging the RNAi and CRISPR-Cas9 technologies. In: Singh A, Khan MW (eds)
Nontransformative strategies for RNAi in crop protection. IntechOpen, London, pp 1–18.
https://doi.org/10.5772/32009. Cappelle K, De Oliveira CFR, Van Eynde B, Christiaens O,
Smagghe
Cai Q, He B, Kogel KH, Jin H (2018) Cross-kingdom RNA trafficking and environmental RNAinature’s blueprint for modern crop protection strategies. Curr Opin Microbiol 46:58–64
Cagliari D, Dias NP, Galdeano DM, dos Santos EÁ, Smagghe G and Zotti MJ (2019) Management
of Pest Insects and Plant Diseases by NonTransformative RNAi. Front Plant Sci 10:1319.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.01319
Campos-de Quiroz H (2002) Plant genomics: an overview. Biol Res 35:385–399
Castel SE, Martienssen RA (2013) RNA interference in the nucleus: roles for small RNAs in
transcription, epigenetics and beyond. Nat Rev Genet 14(2):100–112
Chen SK, Edwards CA, Subler S (2001) Effects of the fungicides benomyl, captan and
chlorothalonil on soil microbial activity and nitrogen dynamics in laboratory incubations. Soil
Biol Biochem 33:1971–1980
Chin JH, Gamuyao R, Dalid C, Bustamam M, Prasetiyono J, Moeljopawiro S, Wissuwa M, Heuer S
(2011) Developing rice with high yield under phosphorus deficiency: Pup1 sequence to
application. Plant Physiol 156:1202–1216
Chithrameenal K, Vellaikumar S, Ramalingam J (2017) Identification of rice (Oryza sativa L.)
genotypes with high phosphorus use efficiency (PUE) under field and hydroponic conditions.
Indian Res J Genet Biotechnol 9:23–37
Cho YI, Jiang WZ, Chin JH, Piao Z, Cho YG, McCouch S, Koh HJ (2007) Identification of QTLs
associated with physiological nitrogen use efficiency in rice. Mol Cell 23:72–79
20 The Potential of Biotechnology on Soil Quality by Minimizing Agrochemical. . .
425