reactivity, quantum effects make chemical reactions feasible, and the exhibited
surface plasmon resonance helps detect toxicity (Singh et al. 2020). Both in situ
and ex situ bioremediation make use of nanoparticles. According to shape, size,
structure, and composition, there are different types of nanoparticles, such as
nanotubes, nanofibers, nanoshells, nanoclusters, nanocomposites, dendrimers, and
nanosheets. The main advantage of using nanoparticles for a clean and green
environment lies in its shape and size, as they can diffuse into a contamination
zone, which is not possible with the microparticles. Moreover, different types of
nanoparticles have been utilized for eliminating contaminants from the environment
(Goutam et al. 2018). Using magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles, 100% degradation of the textile effluent Acid Red 73 was achieved (Jorfi et al. 2016). Similarly,
removal of methyl orange dye was possible using nano-zinc oxide particles
(Hemapriyamvadha and Sivasankar 2015). Nearly, 100% photodegradation of the
dye methylene blue was obtained using copper sulfide (CuS) and graphene oxide
(GO) nanocomposites, prepared through hydrothermal method (Saranya et al. 2014).
Dong et al. (2018) reported tetracycline degradation using iron or nickel bimetallic
nanoparticles, in which a decreasing trend of the removal efficiency was visualized.
Though nanoparticles have been useful in remediating the contaminants, several
problems have been reported due to its highly reactive nature and in situ transport
processes (Cundy et al. 2008; Tosco et al. 2014).
The nanobioremediation approach came into effect to overcome the challenges
associated with the use of nanoparticles alone. Nanobioremediation uses biosynthetic nanoparticles from microorganisms as well as from plants for the degradation
of contaminants (Yadav et al. 2017). There have been several successful
nanobioremediation, which were reported to eliminate various contaminants (Table 11.2). The removal of radioactive iodine by Deinococcus radiodurans
R1 (Au-DR) was successful by adding biogenic gold (Au) nanomaterials into
Au-DR, which is radiation-resistant through biomineralization (Choi et al. 2017).
The combination of biotic and abiotic degradation was used for degrading Aroclor
1248 (Le et al. 2015). In a similar study, nano zerovalent iron (nZVI) and
Burkholderia xenovorans were used subsequently, which resulted in 89% degradation of the congeners and 90% biodegradation in the biphenyls, respectively.
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles synthesized by rhizospheric microorganisms, such
as Micrococcus lylae (MF1), Micrococcus aloeverae (MF2), Cellulosimicrobium
sp. (MF3), their consortium, and the root extracts, were found to be successful in
degrading toxic methyl orange dye (Fulekar et al. 2018). The combined effect of
MgO nanoparticles and yeast Candida sp. SMN04 was also studied for degrading
pharmaceutical pollutant cefdinir (Adikesavan and Nilanjana 2016).
Though nanobioremediation provides several advantages, it has few limitations
too. Encapsulating microorganisms in monolithic nanofibers has shown to decrease
the activity and lifespan of microorganisms (Letnik et al. 2015). Leaching has been
one of the limitations, as during the adsorption process it leads to penetration of
nanoparticles into the food chain or food web, by getting stored in plants, animals,
and human beings (Singh and Khan 2018).
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surface plasmon resonance helps detect toxicity (Singh et al. 2020). Both in situ
and ex situ bioremediation make use of nanoparticles. According to shape, size,
structure, and composition, there are different types of nanoparticles, such as
nanotubes, nanofibers, nanoshells, nanoclusters, nanocomposites, dendrimers, and
nanosheets. The main advantage of using nanoparticles for a clean and green
environment lies in its shape and size, as they can diffuse into a contamination
zone, which is not possible with the microparticles. Moreover, different types of
nanoparticles have been utilized for eliminating contaminants from the environment
(Goutam et al. 2018). Using magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles, 100% degradation of the textile effluent Acid Red 73 was achieved (Jorfi et al. 2016). Similarly,
removal of methyl orange dye was possible using nano-zinc oxide particles
(Hemapriyamvadha and Sivasankar 2015). Nearly, 100% photodegradation of the
dye methylene blue was obtained using copper sulfide (CuS) and graphene oxide
(GO) nanocomposites, prepared through hydrothermal method (Saranya et al. 2014).
Dong et al. (2018) reported tetracycline degradation using iron or nickel bimetallic
nanoparticles, in which a decreasing trend of the removal efficiency was visualized.
Though nanoparticles have been useful in remediating the contaminants, several
problems have been reported due to its highly reactive nature and in situ transport
processes (Cundy et al. 2008; Tosco et al. 2014).
The nanobioremediation approach came into effect to overcome the challenges
associated with the use of nanoparticles alone. Nanobioremediation uses biosynthetic nanoparticles from microorganisms as well as from plants for the degradation
of contaminants (Yadav et al. 2017). There have been several successful
nanobioremediation, which were reported to eliminate various contaminants (Table 11.2). The removal of radioactive iodine by Deinococcus radiodurans
R1 (Au-DR) was successful by adding biogenic gold (Au) nanomaterials into
Au-DR, which is radiation-resistant through biomineralization (Choi et al. 2017).
The combination of biotic and abiotic degradation was used for degrading Aroclor
1248 (Le et al. 2015). In a similar study, nano zerovalent iron (nZVI) and
Burkholderia xenovorans were used subsequently, which resulted in 89% degradation of the congeners and 90% biodegradation in the biphenyls, respectively.
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles synthesized by rhizospheric microorganisms, such
as Micrococcus lylae (MF1), Micrococcus aloeverae (MF2), Cellulosimicrobium
sp. (MF3), their consortium, and the root extracts, were found to be successful in
degrading toxic methyl orange dye (Fulekar et al. 2018). The combined effect of
MgO nanoparticles and yeast Candida sp. SMN04 was also studied for degrading
pharmaceutical pollutant cefdinir (Adikesavan and Nilanjana 2016).
Though nanobioremediation provides several advantages, it has few limitations
too. Encapsulating microorganisms in monolithic nanofibers has shown to decrease
the activity and lifespan of microorganisms (Letnik et al. 2015). Leaching has been
one of the limitations, as during the adsorption process it leads to penetration of
nanoparticles into the food chain or food web, by getting stored in plants, animals,
and human beings (Singh and Khan 2018).
226
A. Murmu and M. Sevanan