whole-cell-based biocatalysts show a quite better functional specificity with a broad
range of substrates. Metabolic engineering provides the classical way for the different unique strategies, powered by the computational biology-based genome-level
reconstructions. These strategies under the protein engineering seem to be beneficial
to develop the efficacy of enzyme catalyzation. Keeping the view, aiming to
different bio-products and industrial applications, a complex buildup on the pathways of enzyme-catalyzed reaction can be designed as whole-cell biocatalysts
(WCB), through metabolic engineering (Han et al. 2018). Therefore, in microbial
engineering, several opportunities are open up with novel frontiers toward highvalued biomolecules. Some specific microorganisms can cultivate even existence of
inhibitors in the fermentation media. Moreover, they can accrue improved concentrations of intracellular lipids with specific optimal conditions. Such kind of genomic
features of the microbes can be a leading biological agent for sustainable cell
factories, directed at production of high-valued industrially applicable products
and enzymes (Almyasheva et al. 2018). As mentioned earlier, the laccases have a
good ability of detoxifying different phenolic and aromatic organic substances to
less harmful fragments. Using diffuse adhesion technique, one of the metabolic
engineering techniques, the laccases, can be attached on the surface of E. coli.
These engineered E. coli cells can be applied for bioremediation of organic phenolic
compounds after immobilization (Vikrant et al. 2018). The effluents from textile
industries are associated with heavy metals and dyes that need effective remedial
treatments to meet the required task with respect to legislation of pollution control.
For this case, specific microbial cell factories having the characteristics of intrinsic
tolerance against toxic compounds, like solvent-tolerant microorganisms, are highly
considered. Another sophisticated approach, protein engineering, can be applied for
ameliorating the desirable properties of enzymes. However, immobilization to
appropriate carriers, stabilization, and implementation are observed as critical
steps. In situ immobilization is a promising approach in bioengineering that produces highly active enzymes and carrier materials, using synthetic biology way. It is
proven to be cost-effective for producing biocatalyst for the use of bioremediation
(Potter 1911).
3.4.2 Microbial Fuel Cell Technology
An interesting idea for generating electricity, accompanying decaying organic
wastes with the fundamental principle of bioenergy production using microbes,
was examined in 1911 (Liu et al. 2004). Even though the proof of concept and
devices with different types were already reported elsewhere, wide investigations are
needed to further explore the method for low cost and robustness (Karube et al.
1976). In this method, continuous production of hydrogen is achieved by
immobilized whole cells under the aerobic environment at optimal pH and temperature (Santoro et al. 2017). The microbial fuel cell (MFC) is cathode and anode
chambers, as depicted in Fig. 10.3, that produce protons and electrons. In the
process, a steady flow of electrons is generated in the wire connecting anode and
10 A Harmless Approach on Textile Effluent Detoxification: Bioremediation and. . .
211
range of substrates. Metabolic engineering provides the classical way for the different unique strategies, powered by the computational biology-based genome-level
reconstructions. These strategies under the protein engineering seem to be beneficial
to develop the efficacy of enzyme catalyzation. Keeping the view, aiming to
different bio-products and industrial applications, a complex buildup on the pathways of enzyme-catalyzed reaction can be designed as whole-cell biocatalysts
(WCB), through metabolic engineering (Han et al. 2018). Therefore, in microbial
engineering, several opportunities are open up with novel frontiers toward highvalued biomolecules. Some specific microorganisms can cultivate even existence of
inhibitors in the fermentation media. Moreover, they can accrue improved concentrations of intracellular lipids with specific optimal conditions. Such kind of genomic
features of the microbes can be a leading biological agent for sustainable cell
factories, directed at production of high-valued industrially applicable products
and enzymes (Almyasheva et al. 2018). As mentioned earlier, the laccases have a
good ability of detoxifying different phenolic and aromatic organic substances to
less harmful fragments. Using diffuse adhesion technique, one of the metabolic
engineering techniques, the laccases, can be attached on the surface of E. coli.
These engineered E. coli cells can be applied for bioremediation of organic phenolic
compounds after immobilization (Vikrant et al. 2018). The effluents from textile
industries are associated with heavy metals and dyes that need effective remedial
treatments to meet the required task with respect to legislation of pollution control.
For this case, specific microbial cell factories having the characteristics of intrinsic
tolerance against toxic compounds, like solvent-tolerant microorganisms, are highly
considered. Another sophisticated approach, protein engineering, can be applied for
ameliorating the desirable properties of enzymes. However, immobilization to
appropriate carriers, stabilization, and implementation are observed as critical
steps. In situ immobilization is a promising approach in bioengineering that produces highly active enzymes and carrier materials, using synthetic biology way. It is
proven to be cost-effective for producing biocatalyst for the use of bioremediation
(Potter 1911).
3.4.2 Microbial Fuel Cell Technology
An interesting idea for generating electricity, accompanying decaying organic
wastes with the fundamental principle of bioenergy production using microbes,
was examined in 1911 (Liu et al. 2004). Even though the proof of concept and
devices with different types were already reported elsewhere, wide investigations are
needed to further explore the method for low cost and robustness (Karube et al.
1976). In this method, continuous production of hydrogen is achieved by
immobilized whole cells under the aerobic environment at optimal pH and temperature (Santoro et al. 2017). The microbial fuel cell (MFC) is cathode and anode
chambers, as depicted in Fig. 10.3, that produce protons and electrons. In the
process, a steady flow of electrons is generated in the wire connecting anode and
10 A Harmless Approach on Textile Effluent Detoxification: Bioremediation and. . .
211