oxidative free radical azo cleavage are secreted by this species (Saravanan 2013).
Due to the variability in the industrial effluent composition as well as the structural
diversity of the dyes, biodegradation of dyes is more recalcitrant. Enzymes have a
range of characteristics that make them more competitive as compared with conventional catalysts. They are degradable key ingredients, allow activity at different
concentration levels of substrates, and enable activity over a broad spectrum of pH,
temperature, and salinity. It can acquire self-induced particle agglomeration and is
quick to manipulate. These advantages are incorporated to their high specific
characteristics and catalytic actions with the possibility of designing enzymes
accompanying desirable characteristics through genetic manipulation and parallel
computing layout for potential treatment of wastewater. Table 10.5 presents some
selective microbial culture applied for removal of dye degradation.
Yeast Culture
Yeast is commonly available culture that has different advantages, such as low cost,
easily available, and better resistance to unusual conditions. Up to date, several
yeasts were observed to be capable of treating textile wastewaters. Various reports
are documented about the applicability of these cultures for dye decolorization.
Table 10.5 presents a condensed overview on recent reports about the different
cultures used for dye degradation. Decolorization is carried out by the mechanisms,
biosorption, biodegradation, and bioaugmentation. From the recent observations, the
genus Candida is the most widely studied culture for decolorization of dyes. A
thermotolerant yeast, Kluyveromyces marxianus, show remarkable ability for
removing Remazol Black-B (Singh 2014).
Bacterial Culture
Compared to the fungal system, bacterial decolorization is quicker with respect to
the nature of dyes. Hence, among the different isolated microorganisms, bacteria are
frequently used. The bacterial strains, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Serratia liquefaciens,
Halobacterium, and Staphylococcus sp., are the most studied for decolorization and
detoxification. Different studies found that the isolated and established bacterial
strains are more effective and have tremendous potential for textile degradation
under flexible environmental conditions.
Fungal Cultures
Fungi can be employed for biodegrading and transforming the toxic substances into
safe, tolerable, or useful products. Specific fungal strains with their extracellular
enzymes are well-known to degrade a wide range of recalcitrant compounds, such as
xenobiotics, lignin, and dyes. Several studies have shown that certain fungal strains
10 A Harmless Approach on Textile Effluent Detoxification: Bioremediation and. . .
207
Due to the variability in the industrial effluent composition as well as the structural
diversity of the dyes, biodegradation of dyes is more recalcitrant. Enzymes have a
range of characteristics that make them more competitive as compared with conventional catalysts. They are degradable key ingredients, allow activity at different
concentration levels of substrates, and enable activity over a broad spectrum of pH,
temperature, and salinity. It can acquire self-induced particle agglomeration and is
quick to manipulate. These advantages are incorporated to their high specific
characteristics and catalytic actions with the possibility of designing enzymes
accompanying desirable characteristics through genetic manipulation and parallel
computing layout for potential treatment of wastewater. Table 10.5 presents some
selective microbial culture applied for removal of dye degradation.
Yeast Culture
Yeast is commonly available culture that has different advantages, such as low cost,
easily available, and better resistance to unusual conditions. Up to date, several
yeasts were observed to be capable of treating textile wastewaters. Various reports
are documented about the applicability of these cultures for dye decolorization.
Table 10.5 presents a condensed overview on recent reports about the different
cultures used for dye degradation. Decolorization is carried out by the mechanisms,
biosorption, biodegradation, and bioaugmentation. From the recent observations, the
genus Candida is the most widely studied culture for decolorization of dyes. A
thermotolerant yeast, Kluyveromyces marxianus, show remarkable ability for
removing Remazol Black-B (Singh 2014).
Bacterial Culture
Compared to the fungal system, bacterial decolorization is quicker with respect to
the nature of dyes. Hence, among the different isolated microorganisms, bacteria are
frequently used. The bacterial strains, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Serratia liquefaciens,
Halobacterium, and Staphylococcus sp., are the most studied for decolorization and
detoxification. Different studies found that the isolated and established bacterial
strains are more effective and have tremendous potential for textile degradation
under flexible environmental conditions.
Fungal Cultures
Fungi can be employed for biodegrading and transforming the toxic substances into
safe, tolerable, or useful products. Specific fungal strains with their extracellular
enzymes are well-known to degrade a wide range of recalcitrant compounds, such as
xenobiotics, lignin, and dyes. Several studies have shown that certain fungal strains
10 A Harmless Approach on Textile Effluent Detoxification: Bioremediation and. . .
207