effluent from the textile industries can be processed through physical, chemical, or
biological methods. Trapping of contaminants to avoid spreading and polluting the
uncontaminated areas through different strategies, like encapsulation, filtration,
settling by gravity, adsorption, and stabilization, is known as physical method
(Katheresan et al. 2018). Chemical methods for waste management can be done
through the use of chemical reactions, in specific, chemical oxidation, that converts
toxic compounds to harmless compounds (Sivaram et al. 2018). Biological treatment
is the method that uses different microbes or plants to degrade or at least hold the
waste in place so that they do not travel in the atmosphere. Selective microorganisms, including bacteria (single or mixed culture) and algae, may degrade a broad
range of dyes; they may biologically degrade under specific circumstances (pH,
temperature, and required nutrient) and even completely mineralize them
(Enayatzamir et al. 2010). So far, different bacterial strains (Pseudomonas putida,
Agrobacterium radiobacter, Bacillus sp., Sphingomonas paucimobilis, and
Aeromonas hydrophila), fungi (Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium intracellular, Mycobacterium scrofulaceum, Mycobacterium marinum, and Mycobacterium
chelonae), yeast, and actinomycetes have been documented as successful decoloring
biological agent for dye. On another hand, biological approaches do have some
drawbacks in their implementation and also endure due to the toxicity of coloring
materials (Daneshvar et al. 2007). Therefore, the current researches need to consider
for emerging technologies to point out the right approach for a specific job. Waste
transport, recycling, engineered processing, biological land conservation, and environmental laws are played a key role in the evolution of a waste treatment and
management before it reaches to the final destination. However, the physical,
chemical, and biological methods differ in terms of performance, expense, and
their outcome effect on the environment (Liu et al. 2007). This chapter intends to
present a brief discussion about various treatments of textile effluent, specifically,
biological remediation methods.
2 Wet Processing in Textile Industry and Effluents
Textile industries entail a lot of manufacturing operations, which comprise several
steps and mechanisms. Textile wet processing (Fig. 10.1) is the methods that are
used to ameliorate the desirable properties of textiles. Wet processing in textile
industries comprises pretreatment (or) preparation, coloring, and finishing. The
pretreatment consists of a sequence of chemical and other procedures that are applied
in the gray stage to textiles. The textiles cannot be colored or engraved at this point.
Pretreatment processes strengthen the textiles, so that in the later stages of textile wet
processing can use dyes and chemicals. Coloring is nothing but dyeing that helps to
add colors to textiles. Printing that offers unique design to fulfill the customer needs
(Hussain and Wahab 2018). There will be no space for textile designers without the
coloring. Furthermore, the customer also anticipates textiles to fulfill certain end-use
requirements. For instance, an umbrella should at least be waterproofed, and
10 A Harmless Approach on Textile Effluent Detoxification: Bioremediation and. . .
197
biological methods. Trapping of contaminants to avoid spreading and polluting the
uncontaminated areas through different strategies, like encapsulation, filtration,
settling by gravity, adsorption, and stabilization, is known as physical method
(Katheresan et al. 2018). Chemical methods for waste management can be done
through the use of chemical reactions, in specific, chemical oxidation, that converts
toxic compounds to harmless compounds (Sivaram et al. 2018). Biological treatment
is the method that uses different microbes or plants to degrade or at least hold the
waste in place so that they do not travel in the atmosphere. Selective microorganisms, including bacteria (single or mixed culture) and algae, may degrade a broad
range of dyes; they may biologically degrade under specific circumstances (pH,
temperature, and required nutrient) and even completely mineralize them
(Enayatzamir et al. 2010). So far, different bacterial strains (Pseudomonas putida,
Agrobacterium radiobacter, Bacillus sp., Sphingomonas paucimobilis, and
Aeromonas hydrophila), fungi (Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium intracellular, Mycobacterium scrofulaceum, Mycobacterium marinum, and Mycobacterium
chelonae), yeast, and actinomycetes have been documented as successful decoloring
biological agent for dye. On another hand, biological approaches do have some
drawbacks in their implementation and also endure due to the toxicity of coloring
materials (Daneshvar et al. 2007). Therefore, the current researches need to consider
for emerging technologies to point out the right approach for a specific job. Waste
transport, recycling, engineered processing, biological land conservation, and environmental laws are played a key role in the evolution of a waste treatment and
management before it reaches to the final destination. However, the physical,
chemical, and biological methods differ in terms of performance, expense, and
their outcome effect on the environment (Liu et al. 2007). This chapter intends to
present a brief discussion about various treatments of textile effluent, specifically,
biological remediation methods.
2 Wet Processing in Textile Industry and Effluents
Textile industries entail a lot of manufacturing operations, which comprise several
steps and mechanisms. Textile wet processing (Fig. 10.1) is the methods that are
used to ameliorate the desirable properties of textiles. Wet processing in textile
industries comprises pretreatment (or) preparation, coloring, and finishing. The
pretreatment consists of a sequence of chemical and other procedures that are applied
in the gray stage to textiles. The textiles cannot be colored or engraved at this point.
Pretreatment processes strengthen the textiles, so that in the later stages of textile wet
processing can use dyes and chemicals. Coloring is nothing but dyeing that helps to
add colors to textiles. Printing that offers unique design to fulfill the customer needs
(Hussain and Wahab 2018). There will be no space for textile designers without the
coloring. Furthermore, the customer also anticipates textiles to fulfill certain end-use
requirements. For instance, an umbrella should at least be waterproofed, and
10 A Harmless Approach on Textile Effluent Detoxification: Bioremediation and. . .
197