are liposan, emulsan, and alasan (Satpute et al. 2010b). Emulsan is an emulsifier for
oil in water at concentrations as low as 0.001% to 0.01%. Liposan, synthesized by
C. lipolytica, is an extracellular water-soluble emulsifier and composed of 17%
proteins and 83% carbohydrates. Chakrabarti (2012) discusses the use of liposan
as an emulsifier in the cosmetic industries and food. Particulate biosurfactants can
form the extracellular membrane vesicles panel to produce a microemulsion, which
plays a vital role in the alkane uptake by microbial cells.
3.1 Source of Biosurfactant
Biosurfactants are mainly produced by a diverse group of microorganisms such as
bacteria, fungi, and yeast. Some of the biosurfactant-producing microorganisms are
listed in Table 1.1.
4 Biosurfactant Production
In addition to the growth-dependent synthesis of biosurfactant, it may also occur by
resting microbial cell systems. Various substrates, such as hydrophobic mixtures,
hydrocarbons, solvents, chemicals, hydrophobic mixtures, waste products’ oil
wastes, vegetable oils, dairy products, and so on, are used for biosurfactant production (Bezza and Chirwa 2017; Ferreira et al. 2017; Gudina et al. 2015; Jimoh and Lin
2019a, b) (Figs. 1.3 and 1.4).
4.1 Sampling
Biosurfactant-producing microbes were isolated predominantly from water or soil
samples contaminated with hydrophobic organic compounds such as refinery wastes
(Batista et al. 2006). The marine environment is also considered a good source for
sampling, and uncontaminated soils are less yielding than contaminated soils for the
biosurfactant-producing microbes (Bodour et al. 2003).
4.2 Isolation
A pure culture is required for studying the properties of interest organism out of a
mixed population; microbes, which show promise, are selected and enriched.
Enrichment cultures that contain hydrophobic compounds (sole carbon source)
1 A Review on Production, Properties, and Applications of Microbial Surfactants as. . .
9
oil in water at concentrations as low as 0.001% to 0.01%. Liposan, synthesized by
C. lipolytica, is an extracellular water-soluble emulsifier and composed of 17%
proteins and 83% carbohydrates. Chakrabarti (2012) discusses the use of liposan
as an emulsifier in the cosmetic industries and food. Particulate biosurfactants can
form the extracellular membrane vesicles panel to produce a microemulsion, which
plays a vital role in the alkane uptake by microbial cells.
3.1 Source of Biosurfactant
Biosurfactants are mainly produced by a diverse group of microorganisms such as
bacteria, fungi, and yeast. Some of the biosurfactant-producing microorganisms are
listed in Table 1.1.
4 Biosurfactant Production
In addition to the growth-dependent synthesis of biosurfactant, it may also occur by
resting microbial cell systems. Various substrates, such as hydrophobic mixtures,
hydrocarbons, solvents, chemicals, hydrophobic mixtures, waste products’ oil
wastes, vegetable oils, dairy products, and so on, are used for biosurfactant production (Bezza and Chirwa 2017; Ferreira et al. 2017; Gudina et al. 2015; Jimoh and Lin
2019a, b) (Figs. 1.3 and 1.4).
4.1 Sampling
Biosurfactant-producing microbes were isolated predominantly from water or soil
samples contaminated with hydrophobic organic compounds such as refinery wastes
(Batista et al. 2006). The marine environment is also considered a good source for
sampling, and uncontaminated soils are less yielding than contaminated soils for the
biosurfactant-producing microbes (Bodour et al. 2003).
4.2 Isolation
A pure culture is required for studying the properties of interest organism out of a
mixed population; microbes, which show promise, are selected and enriched.
Enrichment cultures that contain hydrophobic compounds (sole carbon source)
1 A Review on Production, Properties, and Applications of Microbial Surfactants as. . .
9