polymer structure as well as other substances (Xu et al. 2013). Several scientific
studies showed that a variety of biopolymers from bacterial origin bolstered microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR) as identified and studied. Few notable examples
are xanthan gum (Xanthomonas sp.), glucan (Lactobacillus suebicus, Pediococcus
parvulus), levan (Bacillus sp.), pullulan (Aureobasidium sp.), dextran (Leuconostoc
sp.), and welan gums (Alcaligenes sp.) (Becker et al. 1998; Kim and Fogler 1999;
Singh et al. 2009; Liu et al. 2010; Xu et al. 2013).
2.2 Heavy Metal Removal and Sorption
When we think about usage of biopolymers from microorganism, we should understand the mechanism of interaction of extracellular polysaccharide with any external
pollutants, particularly heavy metals. Microbial cells and metal ion interaction
mechanisms are classified based on involvement of metabolism (active and passive
uptake of metal ions). These kinds of metabolism always depend upon the interaction of heavy metals (Alluri et al. 2006). Similarly, other reports showed that intact
microbial cells and cell-bound EPS showed potential applications for metal remediation, particularly in industrial and environmental wastewater remediation (Lakzian
2008). Microbial polymers, possess enough number of active and ionizable functional chains, particularly with noncarbohydrate substituents such as acetamido
assembly of chitins, anatomical polysaccharides of fungi, amine, sulfhydryl and
carboxyl assembly in proteins, phosphodiester (teichoic acid), phosphate, hydroxyl
links in polysaccharide imparts overall negative charge to the polymer (Wang et al.
2010). Several studies reported that cellulose beads show significant efficiency
removal of heavy metals compared to cellulose alone. Arsenate and Cu (II) show
83.56 mgg
À1 and 33.2 mgg
À1 , respectively (Barakat and Schmidt 2010; Guo and
Chen 2005) (Fig. 7.3).
Similarly, variety of metal ions present in medium and that are bound to bacterial
exopolysaccharides, owing to the synergy between EPS and divalent cations, particularly Ca
2+ and Mg
2+ . These divalent cations scope the pivotal role in preserving
the microbial assemble during metal ion removal study (Mayer et al. 1999)
(Table 7.1 and 7.2).
2.3 Dye Removal from Wastewater
Dye is one of the most dominant pollutants in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem.
Still now, several conventional and advance techniques are practiced to remove dye
from contaminated site. In general, methods applied for treatment/removal of pollutants are dependent on the contaminants and pollutants, such as organic pollutants,
heavy metals, dyes, etc. (Arfin et al. 2019). For dye removal studies, microbial
polymers as adsorbents are most widely used. In such polymers, cellulose is the most
140
P. Muthukumaran et al.
studies showed that a variety of biopolymers from bacterial origin bolstered microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR) as identified and studied. Few notable examples
are xanthan gum (Xanthomonas sp.), glucan (Lactobacillus suebicus, Pediococcus
parvulus), levan (Bacillus sp.), pullulan (Aureobasidium sp.), dextran (Leuconostoc
sp.), and welan gums (Alcaligenes sp.) (Becker et al. 1998; Kim and Fogler 1999;
Singh et al. 2009; Liu et al. 2010; Xu et al. 2013).
2.2 Heavy Metal Removal and Sorption
When we think about usage of biopolymers from microorganism, we should understand the mechanism of interaction of extracellular polysaccharide with any external
pollutants, particularly heavy metals. Microbial cells and metal ion interaction
mechanisms are classified based on involvement of metabolism (active and passive
uptake of metal ions). These kinds of metabolism always depend upon the interaction of heavy metals (Alluri et al. 2006). Similarly, other reports showed that intact
microbial cells and cell-bound EPS showed potential applications for metal remediation, particularly in industrial and environmental wastewater remediation (Lakzian
2008). Microbial polymers, possess enough number of active and ionizable functional chains, particularly with noncarbohydrate substituents such as acetamido
assembly of chitins, anatomical polysaccharides of fungi, amine, sulfhydryl and
carboxyl assembly in proteins, phosphodiester (teichoic acid), phosphate, hydroxyl
links in polysaccharide imparts overall negative charge to the polymer (Wang et al.
2010). Several studies reported that cellulose beads show significant efficiency
removal of heavy metals compared to cellulose alone. Arsenate and Cu (II) show
83.56 mgg
À1 and 33.2 mgg
À1 , respectively (Barakat and Schmidt 2010; Guo and
Chen 2005) (Fig. 7.3).
Similarly, variety of metal ions present in medium and that are bound to bacterial
exopolysaccharides, owing to the synergy between EPS and divalent cations, particularly Ca
2+ and Mg
2+ . These divalent cations scope the pivotal role in preserving
the microbial assemble during metal ion removal study (Mayer et al. 1999)
(Table 7.1 and 7.2).
2.3 Dye Removal from Wastewater
Dye is one of the most dominant pollutants in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem.
Still now, several conventional and advance techniques are practiced to remove dye
from contaminated site. In general, methods applied for treatment/removal of pollutants are dependent on the contaminants and pollutants, such as organic pollutants,
heavy metals, dyes, etc. (Arfin et al. 2019). For dye removal studies, microbial
polymers as adsorbents are most widely used. In such polymers, cellulose is the most
140
P. Muthukumaran et al.