x
Contents
Photoacclimation ...................................................................................................... 196
Suggested Reading ................................................................................................... 197
Chapter 5 Biogeochemical Role of Algae ................................................................................. 199
The Role of Algae in Biogeochemistry .................................................................... 199
Limiting Nutrients ....................................................................................................200
Algae and the Phosphorus Cycle ..............................................................................202
Algae and the Nitrogen Cycle ..................................................................................204
Algae and the Silicon Cycle .....................................................................................209
Algae and the Sulfur Cycle ...................................................................................... 212
Algae and the Oxygen–Carbon Cycles .................................................................... 214
Suggested Reading ................................................................................................... 218
Chapter 6 Algal Culturing ........................................................................................................ 221
Collection, Storage, and Preservation ...................................................................... 221
Culture Types ...........................................................................................................224
Culture Parameters ................................................................................................... 226
Temperature ......................................................................................................... 227
Light..................................................................................................................... 227
pH ........................................................................................................................ 227
Salinity ................................................................................................................ 227
Mixing ................................................................................................................. 228
Culture Vessels ......................................................................................................... 228
Media Choice and Preparation ................................................................................. 229
Freshwater Media ................................................................................................ 230
Marine Media ...................................................................................................... 230
Seawater Base ...........................................................................................................240
Nutrients, Trace Metals, and Chelators .................................................................... 241
Vitamins ................................................................................................................... 243
Soil Extract ...............................................................................................................244
Buffers ......................................................................................................................244
Sterilization of Culture Materials ............................................................................ 245
Culture Methods ....................................................................................................... 252
Batch Cultures ..................................................................................................... 253
Continuous Cultures ............................................................................................ 255
Semicontinuous Cultures ..................................................................................... 256
Commercial-Scale Cultures ................................................................................ 257
Outdoor Ponds .......................................................................................................... 257
Photobioreactors ....................................................................................................... 259
Culture of Sessile Microalgae ............................................................................. 259
Quantitative Determinations of Algal Density and Growth ....................................260
Growth Rate and Generation Time Determinations ...........................................264
Suggested Reading ................................................................................................... 265
Chapter 7 Algae Utilization ...................................................................................................... 267
Introduction .............................................................................................................. 267
Sources and Uses of Algae ....................................................................................... 268
Human Food ........................................................................................................ 268
Contents
Photoacclimation ...................................................................................................... 196
Suggested Reading ................................................................................................... 197
Chapter 5 Biogeochemical Role of Algae ................................................................................. 199
The Role of Algae in Biogeochemistry .................................................................... 199
Limiting Nutrients ....................................................................................................200
Algae and the Phosphorus Cycle ..............................................................................202
Algae and the Nitrogen Cycle ..................................................................................204
Algae and the Silicon Cycle .....................................................................................209
Algae and the Sulfur Cycle ...................................................................................... 212
Algae and the Oxygen–Carbon Cycles .................................................................... 214
Suggested Reading ................................................................................................... 218
Chapter 6 Algal Culturing ........................................................................................................ 221
Collection, Storage, and Preservation ...................................................................... 221
Culture Types ...........................................................................................................224
Culture Parameters ................................................................................................... 226
Temperature ......................................................................................................... 227
Light..................................................................................................................... 227
pH ........................................................................................................................ 227
Salinity ................................................................................................................ 227
Mixing ................................................................................................................. 228
Culture Vessels ......................................................................................................... 228
Media Choice and Preparation ................................................................................. 229
Freshwater Media ................................................................................................ 230
Marine Media ...................................................................................................... 230
Seawater Base ...........................................................................................................240
Nutrients, Trace Metals, and Chelators .................................................................... 241
Vitamins ................................................................................................................... 243
Soil Extract ...............................................................................................................244
Buffers ......................................................................................................................244
Sterilization of Culture Materials ............................................................................ 245
Culture Methods ....................................................................................................... 252
Batch Cultures ..................................................................................................... 253
Continuous Cultures ............................................................................................ 255
Semicontinuous Cultures ..................................................................................... 256
Commercial-Scale Cultures ................................................................................ 257
Outdoor Ponds .......................................................................................................... 257
Photobioreactors ....................................................................................................... 259
Culture of Sessile Microalgae ............................................................................. 259
Quantitative Determinations of Algal Density and Growth ....................................260
Growth Rate and Generation Time Determinations ...........................................264
Suggested Reading ................................................................................................... 265
Chapter 7 Algae Utilization ...................................................................................................... 267
Introduction .............................................................................................................. 267
Sources and Uses of Algae ....................................................................................... 268
Human Food ........................................................................................................ 268