From a policy perspective, although the three countries are striving to expand the
use of clean energy, some hindrances remain. The Chinese government is seeking to
continue economic restructuring. The Fukushima nuclear power accident has
prevented the share of coal in basic power resources in Japan from decreasing.
The Korean government has vigorously reduced the number of nuclear power plants
and phased out coal and nuclear power but still depends heavily on liquefied natural
gas (LNG).
From the perspective of technology and industry, there are three significant
issues. The first is the limited physical space available for grid connection, without
considering congestion management of the grid system. The second is the abnormally high cost of grid connection, which is linked to the construction of a significant grid system at the expense of power generation companies. The third is the
so-called connectable amount of renewable energy, especially of solar and wind
power, to the grid. In several regions, utilities set a connectable amount limiting
renewable energy, such as solar PV and wind.
19.4 Stakeholders in China–Japan–South Korea
Renewable Cooperation
Based on our analysis, feasible cooperation between China, Japan, and South Korea
requires an equitable model of profit distribution. Business demands are increasingly
influential to international environmental politics, including through lobbying in
international negotiations, implementation and technological innovation, and shaping public discourses, private norms, and rule-setting (Falkner 2008). The collective
involvement of all stakeholders, including national government, local government,
companies, academia, and citizens, in all three countries must be achieved
(Fig. 19.5).
Most existing international cooperation focuses on national dialogue and policy
advocacy. Cooperation at this level is easily affected by international relations.
Another kind of cooperation is exchange and cooperation from academic research
institutions, but implementation of specific projects is lacking in strength.
As advocated in the East Asian Low-Carbon Community framework in Chap. 3,
the key is to use business power to help build an equitable model for capital
investment and profit distribution. Also, as Premier Li Keqiang advocated, the
China–Japan–South Korea + X model under the Belt and Road Initiative could
provide a new model of cooperation among the three countries (Fig. 19.6).
The model of China–Japan–South Korea + X offers a practice of the principles of
negotiation, joint construction, and sharing. It supports cooperation between enterprises from the level of national policy and provides necessary policy support for
enterprises in the development of new renewable energy sources. In order to reduce
the risk of changing political relations between countries on economic, trade, and
354
Y. Ling et al.
use of clean energy, some hindrances remain. The Chinese government is seeking to
continue economic restructuring. The Fukushima nuclear power accident has
prevented the share of coal in basic power resources in Japan from decreasing.
The Korean government has vigorously reduced the number of nuclear power plants
and phased out coal and nuclear power but still depends heavily on liquefied natural
gas (LNG).
From the perspective of technology and industry, there are three significant
issues. The first is the limited physical space available for grid connection, without
considering congestion management of the grid system. The second is the abnormally high cost of grid connection, which is linked to the construction of a significant grid system at the expense of power generation companies. The third is the
so-called connectable amount of renewable energy, especially of solar and wind
power, to the grid. In several regions, utilities set a connectable amount limiting
renewable energy, such as solar PV and wind.
19.4 Stakeholders in China–Japan–South Korea
Renewable Cooperation
Based on our analysis, feasible cooperation between China, Japan, and South Korea
requires an equitable model of profit distribution. Business demands are increasingly
influential to international environmental politics, including through lobbying in
international negotiations, implementation and technological innovation, and shaping public discourses, private norms, and rule-setting (Falkner 2008). The collective
involvement of all stakeholders, including national government, local government,
companies, academia, and citizens, in all three countries must be achieved
(Fig. 19.5).
Most existing international cooperation focuses on national dialogue and policy
advocacy. Cooperation at this level is easily affected by international relations.
Another kind of cooperation is exchange and cooperation from academic research
institutions, but implementation of specific projects is lacking in strength.
As advocated in the East Asian Low-Carbon Community framework in Chap. 3,
the key is to use business power to help build an equitable model for capital
investment and profit distribution. Also, as Premier Li Keqiang advocated, the
China–Japan–South Korea + X model under the Belt and Road Initiative could
provide a new model of cooperation among the three countries (Fig. 19.6).
The model of China–Japan–South Korea + X offers a practice of the principles of
negotiation, joint construction, and sharing. It supports cooperation between enterprises from the level of national policy and provides necessary policy support for
enterprises in the development of new renewable energy sources. In order to reduce
the risk of changing political relations between countries on economic, trade, and
354
Y. Ling et al.