and shipping. CO 2 storage technologies in oil and gas industries are similar and are
economically feasible under specific conditions.
8.1.2 Carbon Capture Innovation
In most CCS systems, the cost of capture (including compression) is the largest cost
component, due to an additional high energy penalty. This can be reduced by
technical development and economies of scale (Meyer et al. 2005; van Alphen
et al. 2010). The development of CO 2 capture technologies is vital if CCS is to be
viable (Quintella et al. 2011). In patent bibliometrics, most CCS patents refer to CO 2
capture technologies in testing extractions. Studies reveal that carbon capture patents
account for a large proportion of CCS patents (e.g., Wang et al. 2010; Hong et al.
2013). Hence, suitability of CCS in industrial applications mostly depends on the
costs and readiness of carbon capture (IEA 2012). Thus, we focus on carbon capture
technology in this chapter.
There are many ways to measure innovation (OECD 2016) that can be divided
into two categories: input-based indicators and output-based indicators. Patents are
considered a significant indicator of innovation output or a tangible sign of knowledge that can give valuable insight into innovative activity in object technology
(Griliches 1990). The main advantage of patents is that they are publicly available
over long time periods and provide detailed technological information (Oltra et al.
2010). Patents are used to provide a comprehensive view of innovation in many
domains, including low-carbon technology development. Previous information on
patent counts has provided a wealth of information on innovations and inventors
(e.g., Acs et al. 2002; Johnstone et al. 2010; OECD 2010; Liu et al. 2011; Leu et al.
2012; Albino et al. 2014; Park 2014; UKIPO 2014).
Several studies have investigated CCS technology or carbon capture technology
using patent bibliometrics. Dechezlepretre et al. (2009), WIPO (2009), and OECD
(2010) analyzed a cluster of climate change mitigation technologies and give brief
overviews of CCS technology. Quintella et al. (2011), Li et al. (2013), and Wei and
Man (2014) focused on specific technical routes and reagents in carbon capture,
drawing on patent bibliometrics, sometimes in combination with article
bibliometrics. Wang et al. (2010) drew a patent map and discuss technological
features of CCS in nine countries. Hong et al. (2013) drew development paths by
patent citation analysis. These studies are compared in Table 8.1.
These studies can be split into two categories based on their purpose: general
reports that consider CCS as a supplement rather than essential and specialized
studies that focus on technical applications. Few studies include spatial-temporal
analysis across all carbon capture technologies. To the best of our knowledge, there
has been no detailed consideration of developmental trends and technological
distribution. Patent count differs widely across studies, from 945 to 9840, probably
due to use of different databases, diverse retrieval strategies, and varying time spans.
In general, searching in several databases (e.g., WIPO 2009 used six databases) or an
8 Spatial-Temporal Distribution of Carbon Capture Technology According to Patent. . .
155
economically feasible under specific conditions.
8.1.2 Carbon Capture Innovation
In most CCS systems, the cost of capture (including compression) is the largest cost
component, due to an additional high energy penalty. This can be reduced by
technical development and economies of scale (Meyer et al. 2005; van Alphen
et al. 2010). The development of CO 2 capture technologies is vital if CCS is to be
viable (Quintella et al. 2011). In patent bibliometrics, most CCS patents refer to CO 2
capture technologies in testing extractions. Studies reveal that carbon capture patents
account for a large proportion of CCS patents (e.g., Wang et al. 2010; Hong et al.
2013). Hence, suitability of CCS in industrial applications mostly depends on the
costs and readiness of carbon capture (IEA 2012). Thus, we focus on carbon capture
technology in this chapter.
There are many ways to measure innovation (OECD 2016) that can be divided
into two categories: input-based indicators and output-based indicators. Patents are
considered a significant indicator of innovation output or a tangible sign of knowledge that can give valuable insight into innovative activity in object technology
(Griliches 1990). The main advantage of patents is that they are publicly available
over long time periods and provide detailed technological information (Oltra et al.
2010). Patents are used to provide a comprehensive view of innovation in many
domains, including low-carbon technology development. Previous information on
patent counts has provided a wealth of information on innovations and inventors
(e.g., Acs et al. 2002; Johnstone et al. 2010; OECD 2010; Liu et al. 2011; Leu et al.
2012; Albino et al. 2014; Park 2014; UKIPO 2014).
Several studies have investigated CCS technology or carbon capture technology
using patent bibliometrics. Dechezlepretre et al. (2009), WIPO (2009), and OECD
(2010) analyzed a cluster of climate change mitigation technologies and give brief
overviews of CCS technology. Quintella et al. (2011), Li et al. (2013), and Wei and
Man (2014) focused on specific technical routes and reagents in carbon capture,
drawing on patent bibliometrics, sometimes in combination with article
bibliometrics. Wang et al. (2010) drew a patent map and discuss technological
features of CCS in nine countries. Hong et al. (2013) drew development paths by
patent citation analysis. These studies are compared in Table 8.1.
These studies can be split into two categories based on their purpose: general
reports that consider CCS as a supplement rather than essential and specialized
studies that focus on technical applications. Few studies include spatial-temporal
analysis across all carbon capture technologies. To the best of our knowledge, there
has been no detailed consideration of developmental trends and technological
distribution. Patent count differs widely across studies, from 945 to 9840, probably
due to use of different databases, diverse retrieval strategies, and varying time spans.
In general, searching in several databases (e.g., WIPO 2009 used six databases) or an
8 Spatial-Temporal Distribution of Carbon Capture Technology According to Patent. . .
155