A
is the area (m
2 )
dt
is an increment of time (s)
ƫ
is time [s]
D (in BOD) is the saturation deficit, which can be derived from the dissolved oxygen
concentration at saturation minus the actual dissolved oxygen
concentration (D ¼ DO sat – DO). D has the dimensions
g
m 3
 Ã
.
K 1
is the deoxygenation rate, usually in d
À1 .
K 2
is the reaeration rate, usually in d
À1 .
L a
is the initial oxygen demand of organic matter in the water, also called
the ultimate BOD (BOD at time t ¼ infinity). The unit of is
g
m 3
 Ã
.
L t
is the oxygen demand remaining at time t.
[O 2 ]
is the observed oxygen concentration
[Osat]
is the saturated concentration of oxygen at the local temperature (and
possibly altitude, barometric pressure, and salinity or conductivity).
Da
is the initial oxygen deficit
g
m 3
 Ã
.
t
is the elapsed time, usually [d].
1 Introduction
1.1 Water Quality Monitoring and Analysis
Surface water is water collecting on the ground or in a stream, river, lake, wetland, or
ocean; it is related to water collecting as groundwater or atmospheric water. Surface
water is naturally replenished by precipitation and naturally lost through discharge to
evaporation and sub-surface seepage into the ground.
Testing water quality data for trend over a period of time has received considerable attention recently. The interest in methods of water quality trend arises for two
reasons. The first is the intrinsic interest in the question of changing water quality
arising out of the environmental concern and activity. The second reason is that only
recently has there been a substantial amount of data that is amenable to such an
analysis. Recently, several researchers reported different methods and techniques for
water quality evaluation and analysis. Naddeo et al. [1] focused on 13 rivers of
southern Italy in order to evaluate and optimize the monitoring procedure of surface
water. The study recommends minimizing the sampling frequencies in order to
reduce the cost of samples analysis. Boyacıoğlu et al. [2] investigated the priorities
in surface water quality management based on correlations and variations of different organic and inorganic parameters. Wang et al. [3] used multivariate statistical
techniques, such as cluster analysis (CA) and principal component analysis/factor
analysis (PCA/FA), to assess the surface water quality and identification of the
source of water pollution in the Songhua River in Harbin region, China. Data on
15 parameters, including organic, inorganic, physical, chemical, heavy metals, and
hazardous material through the period 2005–2009 were used. This study will
3 Surface Water Quality and Analysis
65
is the area (m
2 )
dt
is an increment of time (s)
ƫ
is time [s]
D (in BOD) is the saturation deficit, which can be derived from the dissolved oxygen
concentration at saturation minus the actual dissolved oxygen
concentration (D ¼ DO sat – DO). D has the dimensions
g
m 3
 Ã
.
K 1
is the deoxygenation rate, usually in d
À1 .
K 2
is the reaeration rate, usually in d
À1 .
L a
is the initial oxygen demand of organic matter in the water, also called
the ultimate BOD (BOD at time t ¼ infinity). The unit of is
g
m 3
 Ã
.
L t
is the oxygen demand remaining at time t.
[O 2 ]
is the observed oxygen concentration
[Osat]
is the saturated concentration of oxygen at the local temperature (and
possibly altitude, barometric pressure, and salinity or conductivity).
Da
is the initial oxygen deficit
g
m 3
 Ã
.
t
is the elapsed time, usually [d].
1 Introduction
1.1 Water Quality Monitoring and Analysis
Surface water is water collecting on the ground or in a stream, river, lake, wetland, or
ocean; it is related to water collecting as groundwater or atmospheric water. Surface
water is naturally replenished by precipitation and naturally lost through discharge to
evaporation and sub-surface seepage into the ground.
Testing water quality data for trend over a period of time has received considerable attention recently. The interest in methods of water quality trend arises for two
reasons. The first is the intrinsic interest in the question of changing water quality
arising out of the environmental concern and activity. The second reason is that only
recently has there been a substantial amount of data that is amenable to such an
analysis. Recently, several researchers reported different methods and techniques for
water quality evaluation and analysis. Naddeo et al. [1] focused on 13 rivers of
southern Italy in order to evaluate and optimize the monitoring procedure of surface
water. The study recommends minimizing the sampling frequencies in order to
reduce the cost of samples analysis. Boyacıoğlu et al. [2] investigated the priorities
in surface water quality management based on correlations and variations of different organic and inorganic parameters. Wang et al. [3] used multivariate statistical
techniques, such as cluster analysis (CA) and principal component analysis/factor
analysis (PCA/FA), to assess the surface water quality and identification of the
source of water pollution in the Songhua River in Harbin region, China. Data on
15 parameters, including organic, inorganic, physical, chemical, heavy metals, and
hazardous material through the period 2005–2009 were used. This study will
3 Surface Water Quality and Analysis
65