Abstract The fundamental of water quality management and analysis is to adopt
several monitoring actions to save water bodies and protect users. Evaluation of
physiochemical and biological parameters of surface water is an important aspect for
water quality model formation and adopted suitable management actions. This
chapter focused on evaluation, monitoring, and analysis of surface water quality.
Recently, Water Quality Indices (WQIs) was introduced as new methods for water
quality management. Dissolved oxygen in surface water is necessary for aquatic life.
Microbial quality of surface water should be safe and should not have adverse effect
on human health. In this chapter, WQIs formation, definitions, and limitations were
discussed, surface water modeling, standards and indicators of chemical and microbial quality of surface water were presented and discussed.
Keywords Water quality · Module · Physicochemical · Biological · Evaluation ·
Standards
Acronyms
BOD
Biochemical oxygen demand
DO
Dissolved oxygen
NH 4
+
Ammonia
NO 3
À
Nitrate
NO 2
Nitrite
EC
Electrical Conductivity
ANOVA Analysis of variance
NSF
National Sanitation Foundation
PCA/FA Principal component analysis/factor analysis
SO 4
2À
Sulfate
SWQM
Surface Water Quality Monitoring
WQIs
Water Quality Indices
Nomenclature
J
is the “diffusion flux” [(amount of substance) per unit area per unit
time], for example
mol
m 2 :s , J measures the amount of substance that will
flow through a small area during a small time interval.
D
is the diffusion coefficient or diffusivity in dimensions of [length2
timeÀ1], for example
m
2
s
Φ
(for ideal mixtures) is the concentration in dimensions of [amount of
substance per unit volume], for example
mol
m 3
L
is the position [length], for example m
dM
is the change of storage mass in the system (kg)
ρ
is the density (kg/m
3 )
v
is the speed (m/s)
64
H. A. Aziz et al.
several monitoring actions to save water bodies and protect users. Evaluation of
physiochemical and biological parameters of surface water is an important aspect for
water quality model formation and adopted suitable management actions. This
chapter focused on evaluation, monitoring, and analysis of surface water quality.
Recently, Water Quality Indices (WQIs) was introduced as new methods for water
quality management. Dissolved oxygen in surface water is necessary for aquatic life.
Microbial quality of surface water should be safe and should not have adverse effect
on human health. In this chapter, WQIs formation, definitions, and limitations were
discussed, surface water modeling, standards and indicators of chemical and microbial quality of surface water were presented and discussed.
Keywords Water quality · Module · Physicochemical · Biological · Evaluation ·
Standards
Acronyms
BOD
Biochemical oxygen demand
DO
Dissolved oxygen
NH 4
+
Ammonia
NO 3
À
Nitrate
NO 2
Nitrite
EC
Electrical Conductivity
ANOVA Analysis of variance
NSF
National Sanitation Foundation
PCA/FA Principal component analysis/factor analysis
SO 4
2À
Sulfate
SWQM
Surface Water Quality Monitoring
WQIs
Water Quality Indices
Nomenclature
J
is the “diffusion flux” [(amount of substance) per unit area per unit
time], for example
mol
m 2 :s , J measures the amount of substance that will
flow through a small area during a small time interval.
D
is the diffusion coefficient or diffusivity in dimensions of [length2
timeÀ1], for example
m
2
s
Φ
(for ideal mixtures) is the concentration in dimensions of [amount of
substance per unit volume], for example
mol
m 3
L
is the position [length], for example m
dM
is the change of storage mass in the system (kg)
ρ
is the density (kg/m
3 )
v
is the speed (m/s)
64
H. A. Aziz et al.