characteristics, 260–262
eutrophication, 304
irrigation, 259
nutrient discharge treatment (see Nutrient
discharge treatment)
reduction/elimination, external pollutant
sources, 304
remediation, 265–267
reservoirs, 260
storms, 260
water, 259, 260
water treatment (see Water treatment)
wet organic material, 259
Lambert’s azimuthal map projection, 226
Landscape, 226
Landscape characterization, 226
Landscape ecology, 226
Land-water categorization, 205
Land-water interface, 205
Land-water mapping, 207
Langmuir isotherm, 384, 385
Lapping process, 156
Larger-sized capacitors, 131
Latrine, 60
Latrine Case Study: Kikoo, Cameroon
accumulation, water, 55
children and women, 55
EWB-USA Yale teams, 55
gender sequestration, 55
implementation, 56
Kikoo project toilet, 57, 58
lessons learned, VIP toilet technology
build close to home, 58
floor sealing, 58
location and master planning, 58
maintenance requirement, 58
ventilated pipe, 58
odor, open pit toilets, 55
open toilets, 55
pit toilets, 55
traditional toilet, 55
VIP toilets, 56, 59
water project, 55
Latrine Design Checklist
calculations, 43–45
current system, 43
design drawings, 45, 46
design standards and criteria, 43
education, 47
intended use, 43
land ownership, 43
material and cost list, 46
operation and maintenance, 46
problem definition, 43
siting latrine locations, 43
soils analysis, 43
solution comparison, 43
water table, 43
Latrine technologies
composting latrine, 49
designs, 42
EWB-USA (see Engineers Without Borders
USA (EWB-USA))
Latrine Design Checklist (see Latrine
Design Checklist)
pour-flush latrine, 48
types, 47
VIP, 47
Leak detection, 245
Leak detection equipment, 242
Leakage, see Water losses
Leakage control program, 250, 253
Leakage rates, 246, 250, 252
Lignin, 386
Lignocellulosic biomass
availability, 413
extremely halotolerant bacteria, 414
pretreatment, 413, 424
Lignocellulosic residues
crystallinity, 326
Liquefaction, 329, 330
Liquid crystal display (LCD), 157
Livestock, 103
Livestock industry, 346, 347
LIWT, 307
Long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs), 351, 352
Loose coupling, 214
Loss on ignition (LOI), 418
Luminescent materials
NSPS, 186, 187
pretreatment standard, 186
US Environmental Regulations, 186
wastewater treatment, 186
M
Magnetic beads, 403
Magnetic biochar, 377, 378
Magnetic biological adsorbents, 377
Magnetic field, 395–399, 404, 405, 407
Magnetic force, 395, 399, 405–407
Magnetic ion exchange resins (MIEX), 403
Magnetic materials, 395–397
categorization, 395
characteristics, 396, 397
classification, 396, 398
Index
439
eutrophication, 304
irrigation, 259
nutrient discharge treatment (see Nutrient
discharge treatment)
reduction/elimination, external pollutant
sources, 304
remediation, 265–267
reservoirs, 260
storms, 260
water, 259, 260
water treatment (see Water treatment)
wet organic material, 259
Lambert’s azimuthal map projection, 226
Landscape, 226
Landscape characterization, 226
Landscape ecology, 226
Land-water categorization, 205
Land-water interface, 205
Land-water mapping, 207
Langmuir isotherm, 384, 385
Lapping process, 156
Larger-sized capacitors, 131
Latrine, 60
Latrine Case Study: Kikoo, Cameroon
accumulation, water, 55
children and women, 55
EWB-USA Yale teams, 55
gender sequestration, 55
implementation, 56
Kikoo project toilet, 57, 58
lessons learned, VIP toilet technology
build close to home, 58
floor sealing, 58
location and master planning, 58
maintenance requirement, 58
ventilated pipe, 58
odor, open pit toilets, 55
open toilets, 55
pit toilets, 55
traditional toilet, 55
VIP toilets, 56, 59
water project, 55
Latrine Design Checklist
calculations, 43–45
current system, 43
design drawings, 45, 46
design standards and criteria, 43
education, 47
intended use, 43
land ownership, 43
material and cost list, 46
operation and maintenance, 46
problem definition, 43
siting latrine locations, 43
soils analysis, 43
solution comparison, 43
water table, 43
Latrine technologies
composting latrine, 49
designs, 42
EWB-USA (see Engineers Without Borders
USA (EWB-USA))
Latrine Design Checklist (see Latrine
Design Checklist)
pour-flush latrine, 48
types, 47
VIP, 47
Leak detection, 245
Leak detection equipment, 242
Leakage, see Water losses
Leakage control program, 250, 253
Leakage rates, 246, 250, 252
Lignin, 386
Lignocellulosic biomass
availability, 413
extremely halotolerant bacteria, 414
pretreatment, 413, 424
Lignocellulosic residues
crystallinity, 326
Liquefaction, 329, 330
Liquid crystal display (LCD), 157
Livestock, 103
Livestock industry, 346, 347
LIWT, 307
Long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs), 351, 352
Loose coupling, 214
Loss on ignition (LOI), 418
Luminescent materials
NSPS, 186, 187
pretreatment standard, 186
US Environmental Regulations, 186
wastewater treatment, 186
M
Magnetic beads, 403
Magnetic biochar, 377, 378
Magnetic biological adsorbents, 377
Magnetic field, 395–399, 404, 405, 407
Magnetic force, 395, 399, 405–407
Magnetic ion exchange resins (MIEX), 403
Magnetic materials, 395–397
categorization, 395
characteristics, 396, 397
classification, 396, 398
Index
439