7 Environmental Application of Magnetic Particles
Magnetic particles such as nano zerovalent iron, magnetite, and maghemite and
composite magnetic nanoparticles have been extensively utilized in environmental
applications. These particles demonstrated favorable performance for eradicating
pollutants from waterway systems. These promising findings have laced an alternative solution for the removal of heavy metal ions from contaminated water using
magnetic adsorption technology [50].
Remediation of heavy metal pollution is possible by immobilizing them in a
non-bioavailable form or re-speciating them into fewer toxic forms with nano
zerovalent iron (nZVI). Several practical experiences of site remediation using
nZVI have been established in the USA, and this remediation technique is expected
to phase out in the coming decades. In Europe, many pilot test projects with the
application of nZVI for different pollutants through three full-scale applications were
merely conveyed. The pilot studies of 7 kg nZVI were reported to treat 1–5 g/L of Cr
(VI) at Permon, Czechia [51]. Furthermore, macroscale zerovalent iron has been
documented as a suitable electron donor in aquatic environments.
Economic constraints and the precautionary attitude in Europe raise concerns
regarding the feasibility of nZVI as a cost-effective technique for aquifer remediation. Nontechnical aspects, including the probability of negative repercussions and
the novelty of the technology for consultancy, governments, as well as the public,
tend to be significant challenges for the commercialization of nZVI.
Glossary
Adsorbent
A material which will allow a liquid, gas, or dissolved solid to
adhere to its surface
Adsorption
A process by which a solid holds molecules of a gas or liquid or
solute as a thin film
Carbon nanotubes
Cylindrical molecules that consist of rolled-up sheets of singlelayer carbon atoms (graphene)
Chemical stability
Resistance of a chemical to change in a chemical reaction
Coprecipitation
Simultaneous precipitation of more than one compound from a
solution
Curie temperature
Temperature at which certain magnetic materials undergo a
sharp change in their magnetic properties
Heavy metal ions
Metallic cation and anion that have relatively high density and
are toxic or poisonous at low concentrations
Hydrothermal
A chemical reaction in water at both high temperature and
pressure in a sealed pressure vessel
Ion exchange
A reversible chemical reaction where dissolved ions are
removed from the solution and replaced with other ions of the
same or similar electrical charge
Ion exchange resin
A resin that acts as a medium for ion exchange
Magnetic force
406
S.-F. Lim et al.
Magnetic particles such as nano zerovalent iron, magnetite, and maghemite and
composite magnetic nanoparticles have been extensively utilized in environmental
applications. These particles demonstrated favorable performance for eradicating
pollutants from waterway systems. These promising findings have laced an alternative solution for the removal of heavy metal ions from contaminated water using
magnetic adsorption technology [50].
Remediation of heavy metal pollution is possible by immobilizing them in a
non-bioavailable form or re-speciating them into fewer toxic forms with nano
zerovalent iron (nZVI). Several practical experiences of site remediation using
nZVI have been established in the USA, and this remediation technique is expected
to phase out in the coming decades. In Europe, many pilot test projects with the
application of nZVI for different pollutants through three full-scale applications were
merely conveyed. The pilot studies of 7 kg nZVI were reported to treat 1–5 g/L of Cr
(VI) at Permon, Czechia [51]. Furthermore, macroscale zerovalent iron has been
documented as a suitable electron donor in aquatic environments.
Economic constraints and the precautionary attitude in Europe raise concerns
regarding the feasibility of nZVI as a cost-effective technique for aquifer remediation. Nontechnical aspects, including the probability of negative repercussions and
the novelty of the technology for consultancy, governments, as well as the public,
tend to be significant challenges for the commercialization of nZVI.
Glossary
Adsorbent
A material which will allow a liquid, gas, or dissolved solid to
adhere to its surface
Adsorption
A process by which a solid holds molecules of a gas or liquid or
solute as a thin film
Carbon nanotubes
Cylindrical molecules that consist of rolled-up sheets of singlelayer carbon atoms (graphene)
Chemical stability
Resistance of a chemical to change in a chemical reaction
Coprecipitation
Simultaneous precipitation of more than one compound from a
solution
Curie temperature
Temperature at which certain magnetic materials undergo a
sharp change in their magnetic properties
Heavy metal ions
Metallic cation and anion that have relatively high density and
are toxic or poisonous at low concentrations
Hydrothermal
A chemical reaction in water at both high temperature and
pressure in a sealed pressure vessel
Ion exchange
A reversible chemical reaction where dissolved ions are
removed from the solution and replaced with other ions of the
same or similar electrical charge
Ion exchange resin
A resin that acts as a medium for ion exchange
Magnetic force
406
S.-F. Lim et al.