Nd
Neodymium
Nd-Fe-B
Neodymium, iron, and boron
Na
+
Sodium cation
Ni
Nickel
Ni
2+
Nickel cation
NiFe 2 O 4
Nickel iron oxide/nickel ferrite
nZVI
Nano zerovalent iron
Pb
2+
Lead cation
Si
Silicon
Sm-Co
Samarium-cobalt
SPIONs
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles
T c
Curie temperature
USA
United States of America
USEPA
US Environmental Protection Agency
WHO
World Health Organization
Zn
Zinc
ZnFe 2 O 4 Zinc ferrite
1 Introduction
The conventional adsorbents, including activated carbon, silica gel, zeolite, and clay
minerals, which have been widely used to remove heavy metals suffer from high
generation costs. The attention was then shifted to the use of adsorbent derived from
agricultural waste such as sawdust, orange peel, ground coffee, and almond shell for
the heavy metal removal due to their low cost and high abundance. Although these
adsorbents were reported to be very useful for water purification, separation of these
powdered adsorbents from wastewater in a continuous flow system tends to be very
challenging. In recent years, magnetic sorption technology has become one of the
emerging technologies in solving environmental problems. Exploration of magnetic
materials permits the tendency of applications in water treatment extensively. After
the usage, the magnetic particles which act as adsorbent are separated from the
solution by magnetic force. Thus, it receives considerable attention due to ease in
separation after usage.
2 Magnetic Materials
Magnetic materials are materials that display magnetic response in the presence of a
magnetic field. Mitchell [1] claimed that magnetic materials are categorized into two
major groups: (1) soft magnetic materials and (2) hard magnetic materials based on
their magnetic properties such as remanence (B r ), coercive force (H c ), and Curie
10 Removal of Heavy Metal Ions Using Magnetic Materials
395
Neodymium
Nd-Fe-B
Neodymium, iron, and boron
Na
+
Sodium cation
Ni
Nickel
Ni
2+
Nickel cation
NiFe 2 O 4
Nickel iron oxide/nickel ferrite
nZVI
Nano zerovalent iron
Pb
2+
Lead cation
Si
Silicon
Sm-Co
Samarium-cobalt
SPIONs
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles
T c
Curie temperature
USA
United States of America
USEPA
US Environmental Protection Agency
WHO
World Health Organization
Zn
Zinc
ZnFe 2 O 4 Zinc ferrite
1 Introduction
The conventional adsorbents, including activated carbon, silica gel, zeolite, and clay
minerals, which have been widely used to remove heavy metals suffer from high
generation costs. The attention was then shifted to the use of adsorbent derived from
agricultural waste such as sawdust, orange peel, ground coffee, and almond shell for
the heavy metal removal due to their low cost and high abundance. Although these
adsorbents were reported to be very useful for water purification, separation of these
powdered adsorbents from wastewater in a continuous flow system tends to be very
challenging. In recent years, magnetic sorption technology has become one of the
emerging technologies in solving environmental problems. Exploration of magnetic
materials permits the tendency of applications in water treatment extensively. After
the usage, the magnetic particles which act as adsorbent are separated from the
solution by magnetic force. Thus, it receives considerable attention due to ease in
separation after usage.
2 Magnetic Materials
Magnetic materials are materials that display magnetic response in the presence of a
magnetic field. Mitchell [1] claimed that magnetic materials are categorized into two
major groups: (1) soft magnetic materials and (2) hard magnetic materials based on
their magnetic properties such as remanence (B r ), coercive force (H c ), and Curie
10 Removal of Heavy Metal Ions Using Magnetic Materials
395