Acid rain control · Algae separation · Dissolved air flotation · DAF · Acid rain ·
Neutralization · Sulfur dioxides · Nitrogen oxides · Causes · Monitoring ·
Regulations · Environmental effects · Reduction and control · AquaDAF
Nomenclature
ANC
Acid neutralization capacity
ARP
Acid Rain Program
CEM
Continuous emissions monitor
COD
Chemical oxygen demand
CSAPR Cross-State Air Pollution Rule
DAF
Dissolved air flotation
HAPs
Hazardous air pollutants
NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards
NADP
National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP)
NAPAP National Acidic Precipitation Assessment Program
USEPA US Environmental Protection Agency
USGS
US Geological Survey
WDNR
Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources
1 Importance of Lakes
All lakes and reservoirs have a finite life. That life may be measured in geological
time or in human lifetimes. The general pattern of aging of a lake is for the lake to fill
in with either allochthonous materials (carried into the lake from inlet streams or
direct runoff) or autochthonous materials (generated by biological growth within the
lake). As a lake ages, the water becomes more shallow. The decreased volume of
water concentrates the same nutrient input. This encourages more biological growth,
which further fills in the lake with dead biomass. When the depth decreases to about
2 m, rooted aquatic plants proliferate due to their access to direct sunlight. This
further increases the filling in of the lake. Most frequently (but not always) when a
lake reaches this point, it becomes a wetland or a bog. At this point emergent plants
and eventually trees appear. These tend to take up the moisture, drying out the
system. The wet organic material may progress to peat, a useful source of fuel. In
geologic time, with the aid of pressure, this progressed to coal, a very valuable
source of energy.
However useful peat and coal may be as a source of energy and raw materials,
lakes are considered more important for their water. All life depends upon water and
its unusual characteristics. In addition to water for drinking, water is essential for
irrigating crops. Irrigation is the largest consumer of water on Earth today. As the
Earth’s population grows, there will be a greater demand for food, much of it needing
irrigation. Other industries require water, including process water and cooling water.
Thus water is essential for life as well as for the living of modern-day life.
7 Lake Restoration
259
Neutralization · Sulfur dioxides · Nitrogen oxides · Causes · Monitoring ·
Regulations · Environmental effects · Reduction and control · AquaDAF
Nomenclature
ANC
Acid neutralization capacity
ARP
Acid Rain Program
CEM
Continuous emissions monitor
COD
Chemical oxygen demand
CSAPR Cross-State Air Pollution Rule
DAF
Dissolved air flotation
HAPs
Hazardous air pollutants
NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards
NADP
National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP)
NAPAP National Acidic Precipitation Assessment Program
USEPA US Environmental Protection Agency
USGS
US Geological Survey
WDNR
Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources
1 Importance of Lakes
All lakes and reservoirs have a finite life. That life may be measured in geological
time or in human lifetimes. The general pattern of aging of a lake is for the lake to fill
in with either allochthonous materials (carried into the lake from inlet streams or
direct runoff) or autochthonous materials (generated by biological growth within the
lake). As a lake ages, the water becomes more shallow. The decreased volume of
water concentrates the same nutrient input. This encourages more biological growth,
which further fills in the lake with dead biomass. When the depth decreases to about
2 m, rooted aquatic plants proliferate due to their access to direct sunlight. This
further increases the filling in of the lake. Most frequently (but not always) when a
lake reaches this point, it becomes a wetland or a bog. At this point emergent plants
and eventually trees appear. These tend to take up the moisture, drying out the
system. The wet organic material may progress to peat, a useful source of fuel. In
geologic time, with the aid of pressure, this progressed to coal, a very valuable
source of energy.
However useful peat and coal may be as a source of energy and raw materials,
lakes are considered more important for their water. All life depends upon water and
its unusual characteristics. In addition to water for drinking, water is essential for
irrigating crops. Irrigation is the largest consumer of water on Earth today. As the
Earth’s population grows, there will be a greater demand for food, much of it needing
irrigation. Other industries require water, including process water and cooling water.
Thus water is essential for life as well as for the living of modern-day life.
7 Lake Restoration
259