9.1 Lake Brazos, Waco, TX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
9.2 Water Treatment from Lake Roine, Tampere, Finland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
9.3 Restoration of Lake Apopka, FL, USA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
9.4 Water Treatment from Lake DeForest in Clarkstown, NY, USA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
10 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
Appendix A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Appendix B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
Appendix C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
Appendix D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
Appendix E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
Appendix F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
Appendix G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Abstract The steps leading to the demise of a lake are discussed. One of the
primary causes of the death of lake is excessive biological growth, called eutrophication. Biological growth is limited primarily by the availability of the nutrients
necessary for growth. It has been shown that phosphorus is most frequently the
limiting nutrient to control biological growth in a lake, but nitrogen is also commonly limiting. Phosphorus may be permanently removed from a lake by various
processes, whereas nitrogen is difficult to remove permanently due to the fact that
certain blue-green algae can fix atmospheric nitrogen as a nitrogen source. Thus,
emphasis has been placed on removal of phosphorus. There are various methods for
treatment of wastewaters to remove the nutrients before being discharged to a body
of water. Once in a lake, phosphorus removal is most frequently achieved by
producing an insoluble aluminum salt of the phosphorus, but iron salts are effective
under aerobic conditions. Calcium salts are effective in removing phosphorus, but
they generally adversely increase the pH of the lake. Precipitated aluminum phosphate salts may be allowed to settle to the bottom of the lake, or they may be
removed from the water column. A study showed that removing the phosphate-rich
hypolimnetic waters from a summer-stratified temperate climate lake, precipitating
the phosphorus as either aluminum or iron salts, separating the precipitate by DAF,
and returning the phosphate-reduced water to the lake were very effective in
controlling the phosphorus nutrient content in Devils Lake, WI, USA.
Acid rain is formed when sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides reach the air and are
transformed into sulfate or nitrate particles. When combined with water vapor, they
are converted into sulfuric or nitric acids. Acid rain can adversely affect aquatic life
at all levels of the food chain that can be harmed by acid rain. Destruction begins at
the lowest level of the food chain, when the tiny microorganisms that are food for
minnows and other small organisms die. As food sources dwindle, more and larger
fish die. Acid in the water may also interfere with oxygen circulation, harm fish gills,
and cause heart problems in fish. The chemistry and control of acid rain are also
discussed. A case history involving the use of lime or sodium aluminate for
neutralization of acid rain contaminated reservoir water is also presented.
Keywords Dedication · Donald B. Aulenbach · Nutrients · Productivity · Biological
activity · Stratification · Eutrophication · Remediation · Phosphorus precipitation ·
258
L. K. Wang et al.
9.2 Water Treatment from Lake Roine, Tampere, Finland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
9.3 Restoration of Lake Apopka, FL, USA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
9.4 Water Treatment from Lake DeForest in Clarkstown, NY, USA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
10 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
Appendix A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Appendix B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
Appendix C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
Appendix D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
Appendix E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
Appendix F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
Appendix G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Abstract The steps leading to the demise of a lake are discussed. One of the
primary causes of the death of lake is excessive biological growth, called eutrophication. Biological growth is limited primarily by the availability of the nutrients
necessary for growth. It has been shown that phosphorus is most frequently the
limiting nutrient to control biological growth in a lake, but nitrogen is also commonly limiting. Phosphorus may be permanently removed from a lake by various
processes, whereas nitrogen is difficult to remove permanently due to the fact that
certain blue-green algae can fix atmospheric nitrogen as a nitrogen source. Thus,
emphasis has been placed on removal of phosphorus. There are various methods for
treatment of wastewaters to remove the nutrients before being discharged to a body
of water. Once in a lake, phosphorus removal is most frequently achieved by
producing an insoluble aluminum salt of the phosphorus, but iron salts are effective
under aerobic conditions. Calcium salts are effective in removing phosphorus, but
they generally adversely increase the pH of the lake. Precipitated aluminum phosphate salts may be allowed to settle to the bottom of the lake, or they may be
removed from the water column. A study showed that removing the phosphate-rich
hypolimnetic waters from a summer-stratified temperate climate lake, precipitating
the phosphorus as either aluminum or iron salts, separating the precipitate by DAF,
and returning the phosphate-reduced water to the lake were very effective in
controlling the phosphorus nutrient content in Devils Lake, WI, USA.
Acid rain is formed when sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides reach the air and are
transformed into sulfate or nitrate particles. When combined with water vapor, they
are converted into sulfuric or nitric acids. Acid rain can adversely affect aquatic life
at all levels of the food chain that can be harmed by acid rain. Destruction begins at
the lowest level of the food chain, when the tiny microorganisms that are food for
minnows and other small organisms die. As food sources dwindle, more and larger
fish die. Acid in the water may also interfere with oxygen circulation, harm fish gills,
and cause heart problems in fish. The chemistry and control of acid rain are also
discussed. A case history involving the use of lime or sodium aluminate for
neutralization of acid rain contaminated reservoir water is also presented.
Keywords Dedication · Donald B. Aulenbach · Nutrients · Productivity · Biological
activity · Stratification · Eutrophication · Remediation · Phosphorus precipitation ·
258
L. K. Wang et al.