References
1. Al-Dhowalia KH, Shammas NK, Quraishi AA, Al-Muttair FF (1989) Assessment of leakage in
the Riyadh Water Distribution Network, First Progress Report. King Abdulaziz City for Science
and Technology, Ar-Riyadh
2. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2010, November) Control and mitigation of drinking
water losses in distribution systems. U.S. EPA Office of Water (4606M), EPA 816-R-10-019
3. Naik KS, Glickfeld M (2015) Water distribution system efficiency: an essential or neglected
part of the water conservation strategy for Los Angeles County water retailers? UCLA Water
Resources Group, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California Los
Angeles, Los Angeles
4. Dighade RR, Kadu MS, Pande AM (2014) Challenges in water loss management of water
distribution systems in developing countries. Int J Innov Res Sci Eng Technol 3:6
5. California Department of Water Resources, Leak detection, http://www.water.ca.gov/
wateruseefficiency/leak. Accessed February 2018
6. Arscott A (2007) International Water Association, Water Loss Conference 2007. http://www.
waterloss2007.com/pdf_vortraege/Mittwoch/C9-3.pdf. Accessed January 2018
7. American Water Works Association (AWWA) (2009) Water audits and loss control programs.
In: Manual of water supply practice M-36, 3rd edn. AWWA, Denver
8. Brothers K (2003) A practical approach to water loss reduction. In: IWA water loss task force.
IWA Publishing, London. http://www.iwapublishing.com/pdf/WaterLoss-Jun.pdf. Accessed
February 2018
9. Georgia Environmental Protection Division (EPD) (2007) Water loss control program: EPD
guidance document, Georgia Environmental Protection Division, Watershed Protection Branch,
http://www1.gadnr.org/cws/Documents/Water_Loss_Program.pdf. Accessed January 2018
10. Kalinkov V, Vladov G, Radovanov V (2011) Studies and procedures of water loss reduction in
the water supply system of the town of Vidin. Water Util J E.W. Publica 1:11–17
11. Alkasseh JMA, Adlan MN, Abustan I, Abdul Azziz H, Hanif ABM (2013) Applying minimum
night flow to estimate water loss using statistical modeling: a case study in Kinta Valley,
Malaysia. Water Resour Manag 27(5):1439–1455
12. Trojan F, Morais DC (2015) Maintenance management decision model for reduction of losses
in water distribution networks. Water Resour Manag 29(10):3459–3479
13. Mutikanga H, Sharma S, Vairavamoorthy K (2013) Methods and tools for managing losses in
water distribution systems. J Water Resour Plan Manag 139:2
14. Farley M (2003, September) Understanding and managing losses in water distribution networks. Water & Wastewater International. http://www.pennnet.com/display_article/189881/20/
ARTCL/none/none/1/Understanding-andmanaging-losses-in-water-distribution-networks/.
Accessed January 2018
15. Heneghan & Associates (2004, September) Water loss – What is it? Civil talk. http://www.
haengr.com/Newsletters/newsletter92004.htm. Accessed February 2018
16. Ar-Riyadh Development Authority (ADA) (1991) Appraisal of the sanitary drainage system in
Ar-Riyadh City, Wastewater Management Plan and Construction Program, ADA Report,
Ar-Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
17. Ar-Riyadh Development Authority (ADA) (1990) Study of rising groundwater levels in
Ar-Riyadh. Report prepared for the High Commission for Development of Ar-Riyadh, Saudi
Arabia
18. Palmer Environment Services Limited (1987) Microcorr Super Model MC 200, 6 Knightwood
Court, Gapton Hall Industrial Estate, Great Yarmouth, Norfolk NR31 ONG, England
19. Instruction manual, Model 2300 Flow Meter ISCO, Inc. (1986) 531 Westgate Boulevard,
Lincoln, Nebraska
20. Jeffcoate P, Saravanapavan A (1987) The reduction and control of unaccounted-for water:
World Bank Technical Paper No. 72. World Bank, Washington, D.C.
254
N. K. Shammas et al.
1. Al-Dhowalia KH, Shammas NK, Quraishi AA, Al-Muttair FF (1989) Assessment of leakage in
the Riyadh Water Distribution Network, First Progress Report. King Abdulaziz City for Science
and Technology, Ar-Riyadh
2. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2010, November) Control and mitigation of drinking
water losses in distribution systems. U.S. EPA Office of Water (4606M), EPA 816-R-10-019
3. Naik KS, Glickfeld M (2015) Water distribution system efficiency: an essential or neglected
part of the water conservation strategy for Los Angeles County water retailers? UCLA Water
Resources Group, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California Los
Angeles, Los Angeles
4. Dighade RR, Kadu MS, Pande AM (2014) Challenges in water loss management of water
distribution systems in developing countries. Int J Innov Res Sci Eng Technol 3:6
5. California Department of Water Resources, Leak detection, http://www.water.ca.gov/
wateruseefficiency/leak. Accessed February 2018
6. Arscott A (2007) International Water Association, Water Loss Conference 2007. http://www.
waterloss2007.com/pdf_vortraege/Mittwoch/C9-3.pdf. Accessed January 2018
7. American Water Works Association (AWWA) (2009) Water audits and loss control programs.
In: Manual of water supply practice M-36, 3rd edn. AWWA, Denver
8. Brothers K (2003) A practical approach to water loss reduction. In: IWA water loss task force.
IWA Publishing, London. http://www.iwapublishing.com/pdf/WaterLoss-Jun.pdf. Accessed
February 2018
9. Georgia Environmental Protection Division (EPD) (2007) Water loss control program: EPD
guidance document, Georgia Environmental Protection Division, Watershed Protection Branch,
http://www1.gadnr.org/cws/Documents/Water_Loss_Program.pdf. Accessed January 2018
10. Kalinkov V, Vladov G, Radovanov V (2011) Studies and procedures of water loss reduction in
the water supply system of the town of Vidin. Water Util J E.W. Publica 1:11–17
11. Alkasseh JMA, Adlan MN, Abustan I, Abdul Azziz H, Hanif ABM (2013) Applying minimum
night flow to estimate water loss using statistical modeling: a case study in Kinta Valley,
Malaysia. Water Resour Manag 27(5):1439–1455
12. Trojan F, Morais DC (2015) Maintenance management decision model for reduction of losses
in water distribution networks. Water Resour Manag 29(10):3459–3479
13. Mutikanga H, Sharma S, Vairavamoorthy K (2013) Methods and tools for managing losses in
water distribution systems. J Water Resour Plan Manag 139:2
14. Farley M (2003, September) Understanding and managing losses in water distribution networks. Water & Wastewater International. http://www.pennnet.com/display_article/189881/20/
ARTCL/none/none/1/Understanding-andmanaging-losses-in-water-distribution-networks/.
Accessed January 2018
15. Heneghan & Associates (2004, September) Water loss – What is it? Civil talk. http://www.
haengr.com/Newsletters/newsletter92004.htm. Accessed February 2018
16. Ar-Riyadh Development Authority (ADA) (1991) Appraisal of the sanitary drainage system in
Ar-Riyadh City, Wastewater Management Plan and Construction Program, ADA Report,
Ar-Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
17. Ar-Riyadh Development Authority (ADA) (1990) Study of rising groundwater levels in
Ar-Riyadh. Report prepared for the High Commission for Development of Ar-Riyadh, Saudi
Arabia
18. Palmer Environment Services Limited (1987) Microcorr Super Model MC 200, 6 Knightwood
Court, Gapton Hall Industrial Estate, Great Yarmouth, Norfolk NR31 ONG, England
19. Instruction manual, Model 2300 Flow Meter ISCO, Inc. (1986) 531 Westgate Boulevard,
Lincoln, Nebraska
20. Jeffcoate P, Saravanapavan A (1987) The reduction and control of unaccounted-for water:
World Bank Technical Paper No. 72. World Bank, Washington, D.C.
254
N. K. Shammas et al.